Phonetics Exam 1 Notes

Front 1

What is phonetics?

Back 1

-study of the production of speech sounds
-its an isolation (er, ba)
- the application to better understand and improve linguistic expression

Front 2

what is phoning/vocalization?

Back 2

-anything you can do in a vocal tract that makes noise (clearing throat for example)

Front 3

are there different speech sounds depending on what language you speak?

Back 3

-YES

Front 4

what are the 3 different aspects of sounds?

Back 4

1. form
2. substance
3. perception

Front 5

what is form?

Back 5

-also known as articulationfor 'pa' sound ex: the act of bringing your lips together to make a 'pa' sound, it explodes, have to take a deep breathe in, hold lips tight

Front 6

what is substance?

Back 6

-also known as acoustic properties
-ex: you can study sound vibrations of vocal cord = phonation
ex: saying 'ba' vs. 'pa'

Front 7

what is perception?

Back 7

-all about do you hear what i hear
-there is a window of diversity (we all have our own way to say it, but its still acepted)

Front 8

what is an example word for a DARK L?

Back 8

-ball

Front 9

what is an example word for a LIGHT L?

Back 9

-late, light

Front 10

*what are the 5 major branches of phonetics?

Back 10

1. articulatory or physiological phonetics
2. acoustic phonetics
3. perceptual phonetics
4. experimental phonetics
5. clinical phonetics

Front 11

what is articulatory or physiological phonetics?

Back 11

- how are speech sounds being produced by a speaker of a language
- the study of a function of speech organs during the process of speaking
- goals include studying the vocal tract and its structures to describe precisely what happens as speech sounds are produced

Front 12

what is acoustic phonetics?

Back 12

- what is the nature of the speech sounds that are produced?
- the study of the waveform properties of speech sounds, including frequency, intensity, and duration of consonants and vowels
- goals include studying the properties of the sound waves issuing from the vocal tract in terms of their patterns of periodicity and tone

Front 13

what is perceptual phonetics?

Back 13

- how are speech sounds perceived by a listener?
- study of a listeners psychoacoustic response of speech sounds to changes in loudness, pitch, perceived length, and quality
- goals include studying how sounds are perceived in noise or other atypical environments such as under water or helium-rich environments

Front 14

what is experimental phonetics?

Back 14

- how can speech sounds be studied
- the study of physiological, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics
- goals include methods of generating, recording and storing speech for subsequent analysis
***they want to minimize distortions from audio

Front 15

what is clinical phonetics?

Back 15

-need to know what the practical uses of this knowledge is
- the study and transcription of speech behaviors, including errors in speech sounds during production
- goals include using the information from the other 4 areas of phonetics to treat speech sound disorders

Front 16

what is the most important speech organ?

Back 16

-tongue

Front 17

what are the speech organs?

Back 17

-larynx, tongue, teeth and lips

Front 18

you have to be ____% intelligible to have listeners understand what you're saying

Back 18

-90

Front 19

what is dysarthria?

Back 19

- slurred labored speech, draw out and over articulate and is very effortful
- linked to ALS

Front 20

what is apraxia?

Back 20

- saying words you dont mean

Front 21

articulatory/phonotory disorders usually affect whom?

Back 21

-children

Front 22

what is a phoneme?

Back 22

- smallest unit of a sound capable of carrying meaning
-ex: run/ran

Front 23

what is a minimal pair?

Back 23

- words that vary by only one phoneme

Front 24

what is an allophone?

Back 24

-slight variations of the same phoneme
ex: light and dark "L"

Front 25

what are the 2 types of transcription?
-describe each

Back 25

-broad and narrow
-broad is a systematic phonemic transcription (at the level of the phonemes)
- narrow transcription is allophonic transcription (at the level of the allophones, it includes the use of diacritics)

Front 26

what are syllables?

Back 26

- the smallest unit of speech production

Front 27

what are the parts to a syllable?

Back 27

- onset, rime, coda, open, closed, stress

Front 28

what is an onset?

Back 28

- the consonants that precede a vowel
-some words may not have this

Front 29

what is a rime?

Back 29

- the nucleus and coda
-if there is no coda, then just the nucleus

Front 30

what is a coda?

Back 30

the consonants after the nucleus (if there are any)

Front 31

what is the nucleus?

Back 31

- usually the vowel

Front 32

what is an OPEN syllable?

Back 32

- syllables that do not have a coda and end in a vowel
ex: hippo; tuna

Front 33

what is a CLOSED syllable?

Back 33

- syllables that have a coda and end in a consonant
ex: part

Front 34

take this time to look in notebook and practice:

Back 34

-dark L/ light L
- onset, nucleus, rime, coda
- if words are closed/open
- where the primary and secondary stress is in words
- how many sounds are in words

Front 35

trick for stress: if its a 3 syllable word or longer, your primary stress doesnt _____ your secondary stress

Back 35

-touch

Front 36

what is a grapheme?

Back 36

- the number of letters in a word

Front 37

Trick: if the primary stress is in the second syllable, your first syllable will be where your secondary stress is

Back 37

ex: sentimental

Front 38

what are the 3 subsystems of anatomy and physiology for speech production?

Back 38

3. supralaryngeal
2. laryngeal
1. respiratory

Front 39

what body parts are included in the respiratory system?

Back 39

- lungs
- trachea
- ribcage
- diaphragm
- abdomen

Front 40

what is the function of the lungs?/describe what happens? where are the organs housed?

Back 40

- this is where air pressure comes from
- organs are housed in the chest cavity
- there are 2 balloon-like structures (organs) which expand and contract which houses air for respiration

Front 41

when we breathe out, squeeze air ___

Back 41

-out

Front 42

what is the trachea? what does it consist of?

Back 42

- wind pipe
- consists of rings of cartilage

Front 43

what is the ribcage? why do we need them? do they move? do they move? what are they attached to?

Back 43

- bones that protect your lungs
- frame around your lungs
- yes, they move (out and in)-expand
- they are attached to the lungs

Front 44

what is another name for the chest cavity?

Back 44

- thorax

Front 45

what causes hiccups?

Back 45

- diaphragm

Front 46

what happens to the diaphragm when we breathe in and out?

Back 46

- breathe out= moves down into a flat plate shape
- breathe in= moves up making upside down U shape

Front 47

what is the process for breathing in?

Back 47

- diaphragm moves down into a plate, this pushes the ribcage out, the balloon of lungs goes with the ribcage and b/c of physics, air goes it

Front 48

what is the abdomen? what is its function? where is it located?

Back 48

- stomach area
- protects organs
- provides support for diaphragm
- located on top of the diaphragm

Front 49

at rest, what does our diaphragm look like?

Back 49

- upside down U shape

Front 50

at rest, we spend 50% of time ____ and 50% of time ___

Back 50

-inhaling; exhaling

Front 51

while talking, we spend 10% of our time on _____ and 90% of time on ______

Back 51

- inhaling
- exhaling

Front 52

how do you control having the exhalation over 90% of time while talking? what do we use?

Back 52

- we use our abdomen
- if you have good control in the abdomen, can control this better

Front 53

**what are the 4 steps to the inhalation process?

Back 53

1. your diaphragm lowers
2. your thoracic cavity expands
3. your external intercostal muscles contract
4. your lungs fill with air

Front 54

**what are the 5 steps in the exhalation process?

Back 54

1. diaphragm raises from plate to bowl
2. thoracic cavity gets smaller (contracts)
3. internal intercostal muscles contract
4. your abdominal muscles contract
5. air will rush up through trachea

Front 55

what are the organs concerning the laryngeal system?

Back 55

- larynx, glottis, vocal folds

Front 56

what is the larynx attached to?

Back 56

-hyoid and trachea

Front 57

what is the only floating bone in the body?

Back 57

-hyoid

Front 58

where is the hyoid bone located?

Back 58

- above the larynx

Front 59

within the larynx, the vocal folds are attached to what?

Back 59

-thyroid cartilage (anteriorly)
- arytenoid cartilage (posteriorly)

Front 60

what is around the larynx?

Back 60

-cricoid cartilage
- superior portion attached to the arytenoid cartilage (looks like a signant ring)

Front 61

*why is the larynx a key piece?

Back 61

- bc it houses the vocal folds

Front 62

what is responsible for sound?

Back 62

-vocal folds

Front 63

what is the glottis?

Back 63

- the area between the vocal folds

Front 64

what is an example of what is sounds like when the vocal folds are APART? where does this noise come from?

Back 64

- 'ha' sound
- comes from the back wall of throat

Front 65

what is the back wall of the throat called?

Back 65

- pharynx

Front 66

what happens during phonation? (when you make a noise)

Back 66

- the air enters the larynx and increases the pressure at the glottis
- the vocal folds are blown apart and then sucked back together
- this causes a vibration of the vocal folds

Front 67

what is a fundamental frequency?

Back 67

- overall natural pitch which has the lowest frequency

Front 68

what is a frequency?

Back 68

- area of vibration

Front 69

what is the average fundamental frequency for males?

Back 69

125

Front 70

what is the average fundamental frequency for females?

Back 70

215

Front 71

when the vocal folds move apart and back together quickly this creates a _____ pitch

Back 71

higher

Front 72

a tuning fork will vibrate at only ____ frequency

Back 72

one

Front 73

when we use speech, do we hear multiple frequencies or just one?

Back 73

-we hear multiple

Front 74

what is a vocal strain?

Back 74

-get calluses or vocal nodules

Front 75

what causes a raspy voice? (mariah carrey)

Back 75

- b/c vocal folds cant close properly due to calluses

Front 76

how can you get vocal nodules?

Back 76

- if you sing out of your fundamental frequency

Front 77

to strain your voice, what happens to vocal folds?

Back 77

-you are extending them

Front 78

long, thin folds=what kind of pitch?

Back 78

higher pitch

Front 79

lower pitch=

Back 79

shorter vocal folds

Front 80

why does your voice go higher when you get nervous?

Back 80

- because you are tensing up

Front 81

what are the 2 ways to find fundamental frequency?

Back 81

- cough
- hum

Front 82

what is bad for your vocal folds? what is better thing to do?

Back 82

- coughing because it slams vocal folds together; instead swallow 3 times

Front 83

what is the supralayngeal system?

Back 83

-everything above the larynx

Front 84

what organs are in the supralaryngeal system?

Back 84

-vocal tract, pharynx, epiglottis, articulation, phonation

Front 85

what makes up the vocal tract?

Back 85

- pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity, articulators

Front 86

what is the avg vocal tract for males?

Back 86

17 cm

Front 87

what is the avg vocal tract for females?

Back 87

14-15cm

Front 88

the smaller tract, the less ____

Back 88

-resonance

Front 89

gag reflex is ____

Back 89

-learned; there hyper and hyposensative

Front 90

what helps with gag reflex? why?

Back 90

-short exhalations
-bc you cannot gag and exhale

Front 91

what does the pharynx do? where does it connect? what can make you see it? what does it do while eating?

Back 91

- directs airflow from the larynx to the oral and nasal cavities
-connects to the esophagus
- back wall of the throat, say 'ung'
- squeezes while eating

Front 92

what are 3 components of the pharynx? where are they?

Back 92

- laryngopharynx (toward bottom throat)
- oropharynx (middle)
- nasopharynx (close to the nose)

Front 93

what protects the airway? how?

Back 93

- epiglottis
- by tipping over to allow food and water going down to pharynx

Front 94

what is phonation?

Back 94

- vibration of the vocal folds lead to acoustic vibrations through the vocal tract to the lips

Front 95

what is articulation?

Back 95

- coordination of speech organs for the production of phonemes

Front 96

what are our articulators?

Back 96

- lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, glottis, tongue

Front 97

**draw a diagram from page 43 (fig 3.3) of the articulators!

Back 97

do itttt

Front 98

what is a restricted frenulum?

Back 98

- clipping the underneath part of the tongue

Front 99

why did they use to overdiagnose and clip the frenulum?

Back 99

- bc they thought people would have problems with annunciation (but you dont need to move tongue THAT much!)

Front 100

when should you clip frenulum?

Back 100

- only if it impedes feeding, or speaking appropriately

Front 101

how can you tell if your frenulum is too short?

Back 101

- if when you stick out your tongue all the way, it is heart-shaped

Front 102

**lips may be _____ or _____
--> what does this have to do with?

Back 102

- rounded or retracted
-when talking about vowels, has to do with lip shape

Front 103

what is the maxilla?

Back 103

- support for the upper lip

Front 104

what is the mandible?

Back 104

- support for the lower lip

Front 105

sounds made at the lips are called ____ or ____

Back 105

labial or bilabial (for 2 sounds)

Front 106

two most important teeth for speech production are ____ _____

Back 106

-central incisors

Front 107

what do central inscisors help with which sounds? why is this?

Back 107

-'f' 'v' 'th' 's'(made with teeth indirectly) 'sh'
- has to do with airflow hitting the teeth to make that noise

Front 108

kids without teeth, how do they make a 'th' sound?

Back 108

-bu using their gum

Front 109

phonemes may be produced using the ______ lip with the _____ teeth, or the _________ between top and bottom teeth

Back 109

bottom lip with the top teeth, or the tongue between the top and bottom teeth

Front 110

what is the alveolar ridge?
what sounds do you make with this?

Back 110

-the bony ridge directly behind the top teeth
- 't', 'l'

Front 111

what is the hard palate?
why is this such a big deal?
what sounds does the hard palate male?

Back 111

- the bony structure behind the alveolar ridge
- huge interms of what the tongue does
- 'sh' and 'rrr' --> tongue touches nothing

Front 112

what is it called when your tongue touches nothing to make a sound?

Back 112

-approximating

Front 113

what is the velum? where is it located?

Back 113

-soft palate
-muscle tissue behind the hard palate that leads to the uvula

Front 114

**the velum can be ____ or ____

Back 114

-raised or lowered

Front 115

**what is the position of your velum in the sound 'ka'?

Back 115

- bringing your velum down

Front 116

what is the glottis? what sound does it make?

Back 116

-opening between vocal folds
- 'ha' sound

Front 117

what are two other glottal sounds?

Back 117

- button, uh oh & mountain (has 2 glottal stops)
-releases air flow and stop with a hard attack

Front 118

what is the most important articulator?

Back 118

TONGUE

Front 119

what is the tongue?

Back 119

-muscle that is supported and sits in the by the mandible and is anchored in the hyoid bone

Front 120

sounds produced by the tongue are called what?

Back 120

-"lingual sounds"-- means tongue

Front 121

what are the 5 parts of the tongue?

Back 121

-tip/apex
-blade
-dorsum
-body
-root

Front 122

***go look at the diagram of a tongue in my notes! pg 43 in book

Back 122

-practice drawing and labeling this!

Front 123

what is phonology versus phonetics?

Back 123

-phonology doesn't necessarily talk about sounds, has a language component
-phonetics deals with sounds

Front 124

what is perceptual development?

Back 124

-fetal responses to sounds

Front 125

how early do fetuses respond to loud noises? how do they measure this?

Back 125

6-7mo in womb; blinking in response to loud noises

Front 126

by the third trimester there are changes in _______ when you vary vowels in bisyllables

Back 126

-heartbeat

Front 127

what is categorical perception?

Back 127

- ability to perceive small differences in phonemes of ones native language (ex: /t/ & /d/)
ex: the letter A written lots of different ways

Front 128

if you didnt have categorical perception...

Back 128

- would spend time coming up with new letters and sounds for the same phoneme

Front 129

why does the fetus respond more to their mothers voice?

Back 129

-bc they have been hearing it in the womb for so long

Front 130

if a fetus reacts hearing 'da' and 'ta' we know what?

Back 130

-they have categorical perception

Front 131

why is it important to notice if they react towards ta and ba?

Back 131

- to know what is appropriate to discriminate and what is not
- we use this is phonological research and literacy research a lot

Front 132

what are two key skills in perception?

Back 132

- segmentation and echolalia

Front 133

what is segmentation?
who does this affect? why?

Back 133

- diving a stream of phrases into individual words, and words into individual sounds
- kids with autism b/c they have trouble chunking phrases together

Front 134

what is echolalia?

Back 134

ex: everytime there is a knock on the door, he yells: the UPS man is here"
-says in same prosidy every time
- no word boundaries, it was memorizing
- needs to make it segmented, but the phrase to him is all one word

Front 135

what is perceptual constancy?

Back 135

- recognizing sounds that are the same, despite changes in speakers, context at the word level

Front 136

what are the two main principles of research studies that have to do with infant perception?

Back 136

1. infants will react to change they perceive in their environments
2. infants will habituate repetitious events (when things change, they will react, when they dont, ignore)

Front 137

what are two ways to measure infant perceptions?

Back 137

1. high amplitude sucking
2. visually reinforced head turn

Front 138

what is high amplitude sucking?

Back 138

- for ages 3-4 months
- change the stimulus and check for the rate of the infants suckinf, if they hear a different sound, sucking gets faster and stronger
-when they get used to the sound--slower and weaker suck

Front 139

what is visually reinforced head turn?

Back 139

- for 6-8 months
- 2 speakers on opposite sides of room
-turn one off and put other on to see is head turns with different sound

Front 140

if a child is more dependent, their language will usually do what?

Back 140

-take off

Front 141

what they can perceive is what they can _____

Back 141

-produce

Front 142

when do children usually learn to walk and talk?

Back 142

around 12 months, now its more around 18 months

Front 143

is it a coincidence that children can walk and talk at the same age?

Back 143

- no because they can move themselves around to explore their environment

Front 144

why is it that kids with disabilities, language doesnt take off as quickly?

Back 144

- because they cant scoot around to see things
ex: give them cars in switzerland

Front 145

if the child has no mobility what does this mean?

Back 145

-language doesnt take off and they can fall behind

Front 146

what is important when a child has disabilities?

Back 146

-keep expectations high

Front 147

when does sound development start?

Back 147

-in the womb, they can perceive different sounds

Front 148

kids love anything that is protected examples?

Back 148

-cardboard box, glitter, paint--dont go with what they usually play with

Front 149

if you give them control what happens?

Back 149

-see sound development increase and language explore

Front 150

at 2-3 mo where is the place of articulation?

Back 150

/b, /d/, /g/
-bilabial sound, alveolar ridge, velar sound

Front 151

what is the manner of articulation at 2-3 months? examples

Back 151

-stops (ba), vs nasal (mm) vs glides (wa)

Front 152

at 1-4 months what is said?

Back 152

vowels
/a/ vs /i/ vs /u/
-oral versus nasalized vowel

Front 153

how do you create a nasal sound?

Back 153

- let velum fall to get nasal sound

Front 154

what if a child cant perceive/produce vowels?

Back 154

-there could be articulation oerros
-could be be neurologic problems

Front 155

who has a better prognosis, a child who cant perceive or a child that cant produce?

Back 155

-if a child can perceive,(but not produce) they will be better
-as long as they can perceive, thats ok

Front 156

what are babies able to do at 6-8 mo? when we get older, can we do this?

Back 156

-discriminate between 2 sounds that are both not within their native language
-not as well

Front 157

what happens at 10-12 months?

Back 157

-infants lose the ability to discriminate sounds outside of their native language

Front 158

when is the best time to introduce a new language?

Back 158

at 6 months, or just as early as possible because it is harder to learn once you've mastered another language, to learn another

Front 159

what is the prelinguistic stage mean?

Back 159

-before language

Front 160

what are the 5 stages of production of the prelinguistic stage?

Back 160

1. reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
2. cooing and laughter
3. vocal play
4. canonical babbling
5. jargon

Front 161

do babies go through the prelinguistic stages of production nice and cleanly?

Back 161

- no, these are not clean cut, but it gives an idea; but there can be overlap

Front 162

at stage 1 of production, how old? what is reflexive crying?/do they have control over this? what is vegetative sounds? examples of each?

Back 162

-birth-2 mo
-reflexive vocalizations--> reflects physical state of the infant
-no control over this
ex: cries, coughs(stays with you as reflexive), grunts, burps

Front 163

at stage 1 of production, what are vegetative sounds? examples?

Back 163

-reflects activities of the infants
-sounds they make when they are doing something
-ex: grunts, sighs, clicking (done during breast-feeding)

Front 164

at stage 2 of production, how old for cooing? what does this mean? what sounds are coming out?/why? what does do articulately?

Back 164

cooing= 2-4 months
-reflects comfortable states for the infant
-this means it is the best time to work with the infant
- creating vowel-like sounds with some back consonant-like sounds
-we hear back sounds at this age because they are laying on their back or have them reclined mostly
-this approximates the velum

Front 165

at stage 2 of production, when does laughter come?

Back 165

-4 months
-sustained laughter=big belly laughter (youtube videos)

Front 166

what happens at stage 3 of production? how old? what sounds are being made? what do consonants sounds have?

Back 166

-vocal play
-4-6 months
- prolonged vowels and consonant-like sounds
-consonants have some block in the vocal tract
-there is extreme variations in loudness and pitch
-have no control in loudness and pitch-- its neurological
-slower transition between sounds because there is no muscle tones, cant coordinate as well

Front 167

what happens at stage 4 of production? how old? what are the 2 types of canonical babbling? what s important to know about these 2 types? do all kids babble? what does it depend on?

Back 167

-canonical babbling
- 6 months and older
-reduplicated babbling
-variegated babbling
-these can co-occur
-not all kids babble
-depends on their learning style and personality

Front 168

what is reduplicated babbling? what stage does this fall under? examples?

Back 168

-similar segments of consonants and vowels
-consonant stays the same
-stage 4
ex: bibibi --> b/c consonant stays the same

Front 169

what is variegated babbling? what stage does this fall under? examples?

Back 169

-vary consonants and vowels across segments
-consonant changes
-stage 4
ex: bimo, bimi

Front 170

what is stage 5 of production? how old? what happens at this stage? how are you suposed to react?

Back 170

-jargon
-10 months +
- "protoconversation"(early convo)
-variation in intonation, rhythm, pausing
-use a string of babbling with INTENT
-the baby think you understand
-what do you do? you play along with them
-best thing to do is engage in convo

Front 171

what does protoconversation mean?
what does concomitant mean?

Back 171

-early conversation
- (at the same time) eye contact, gesture and intonation patterns similar to questions, comments, anger

Front 172

at birth- 6 months what do we hear? examples?
why do we hear these things first?

Back 172

- vowels
- velar consonants (ex: k,g)
-b/c they tend to lie on their back, tongue approximates velum

Front 173

what do we hear 6-10 months
-what have they gained?

Back 173

-gained heard control
-hear front consonants (ex: m,b,d)

Front 174

what do we hear at 10-12 months?
what is eth?

Back 174

- fill in most sounds (ex: /v/, /eth/, /ch/, /l/, /v/)
- voiced "th" sound ex: this

Front 175

when should child be solidified?

Back 175

-at 7 if their missing something; you step in
-matured by age 7

Front 176

*what are the earliest developmental sounds?

Back 176

-nasals, glides, stops

Front 177

*what are the later developing sounds?

Back 177

-liquids
-fricatives
-affricates

Front 178

*what are patterns of developmental manner?

Back 178

-earliest and later developing sounds

Front 179

*what are the patterns of developmental place?

Back 179

-front sounds typically learned before back sounds

Front 180

*once you have good head control, all sounds move _____ to _____ because these are the ones that you can _______

Back 180

-front to back
- see (these are visible)

Front 181

where do stops typically appear? (come later on)
ex: /t/, /p/

Back 181

-in initial positions of words first
- come in the beginning of the word

Front 182

what are fricitives? where do they typically appear?

Back 182

- there are voiced and unvoiced -ex: unvoiced: /s/, /sh/, /f/ /th/, /h/
ex: voiced: /th/ /v/ /z/
-typically appear in the final position
-at the end of a word

Front 183

what is common for fricatives?

Back 183

- will either delete or substitute another sound

Front 184

what are the most common first words that come early? why?

Back 184

- ball, cookie, juice (b/c of fricative position), toy, pet name or food
-b/c there is a stop in initial position so its easier
-stop in the beginning and fricative at the end

Front 185

velars usually appear in the ___ position

Back 185

-final

Front 186

what emerges first? why?

Back 186

-voiceless consonants emerge first
-b/c they are easier to say than voiced

Front 187

/___/comes first not /___/
" "
why is this?

Back 187

/t/ not /ba/
/f/ comes first not /v/
-bc of coordination (harder to coordinate tongue and vocal cords)

Front 188

* what are the first 3 vowels that will emerge?

Back 188

/a/ typically is the first vowel to emerge then /i/ and /u/

Front 189

when you have a child with no sounds, what do you do?

Back 189

-follow development sequence within reason
-teach front sounds first bc they are easier to teach

Front 190

what is the best way to teach fricatives? ex?

Back 190

-we teach in the final position of the word, but its easier to teach in intial of word
- this case goes against normal development
ex: easier to teach sub than bus (bc you can draw out the s in sub easier)

Front 191

what has research shown about teaching sounds?

Back 191

- if you teach 1 sound with in whole manner, other sounds within that manner commit

Front 192

if you teach /t/, but /pap/ comes in why?

Back 192

/p/ is easier bc just put lips together

Front 193

* what is easiest to control?

Back 193

-lips

Front 194

what is the easiest thing to control?

Back 194

-lips

Front 195

what is a good teaching technique?

Back 195

- go for something harder and your easier sounds will come in

Front 196

which is easier, voiced or voiceless sounds? why?

Back 196

-voiceless
-b/c if i teach /da/, /t/, /p/.... /ba/ will come in

Front 197

what sounds are not mastered until around age 8?

Back 197

/r/ and /l/

Front 198

what is the idea behind crazy people teaching /r/ and /l/?

Back 198

- if they learn this, all other sounds will come in

Front 199

should you always follow dev sequence?

Back 199

- dont have to follow strict developmental sequence--> dont need to always start with easy and progress

Front 200

*what are the 4 parameters of vowels?

Back 200

lip rounding (rounded or retracted)
tongue height (high--->low)
tongue position (front, mid, back)
muscle tenseless (tense or lax)

Front 201

what is front sentence?

Back 201

eat in a veggie shack

Front 202

what is a back sentence?

Back 202

true cooks know "sauce" sauce

Front 203

/i/

Back 203

"eat"
-retracted
-high
-front
-tense

Front 204

/I/ (small)

Back 204

"in"
-retracted
-high
-front
-lax

Front 205

/e/ or /eI/

Back 205

"a"
-retracted
-high-mid
-front
-tense

Front 206

when is /eI/ used instead of /e/?

Back 206

-/eI/ is a dipthong
-used in primary stress syllable

Front 207

*one syllable word has primary stress
ex: cave=

Back 207

/keIv/

Front 208

...(epsilon)

Back 208

"veggie" or egg

Front 209

/ae/

Back 209

"shack" or "apple"
-retracted
-low
-front
-lax

Front 210

...what are the front vowels?

Back 210

i
I
e
.
ae

Front 211

/u/

Back 211

"true"
-rounded
-high vowel
-back
-tense

Front 212

...(upsilon)

Back 212

"cooks"
-rounded
-high vowel
-back
-lax

Front 213

/o/ or ...

Back 213

"know"
-rounded
-high-mid
-back
-tense

Front 214

.

Back 214

- denotes primary stress
-dipthong

Front 215

)

Back 215

"sauce" w/ accent!!!
-rounded
-low-mid
-back
-tense

Front 216

/a/

Back 216

"sauce" or "ah" when doctor asks to open mouth
-retracted
-low
-back
-tense

Front 217

what are the back vowels?

Back 217

u

o
)
a

Front 218

...(schwa)
or
^

Back 218

"buck" or "uh"
-retracted
-mid
-mid/central
-lax

^ used for primary stress

Front 219

CHART for VOWELS:

Back 219

.

Front 220

how many sounds are ba, ka, da?
how many sounds are: or, are, air, ear?

Back 220

-2 sound
-1 sound

Front 221

some tips:

Back 221

* if last syllable is longer, thats your secondary stress
*consonant clusters like to stick together for syllable breaks
*hard to put primary stress on last syllabe when there are 4

Front 222

what is closed?

Back 222

-ends in a consonant

Front 223

what is an open syllable?

Back 223

-ends in a vowel

Front 224

Chart for Dipthongs:

Back 224

.

Front 225

practice stress, diagraming, phoneme counting, vowels

Back 225

!!!!