Phonetics Exam 1 (Ch.1-3)

Front 1

- grapheme =
- ex:

Back 1

- letter
- grapheme "o" -- "cod", "bone", "bough"

Front 2

- diagraph =
- ex:

Back 2

- pair of letters that represent 1 sound. (Can be the same 2 letters or different 2 letters)
- "hOOt", "SHoe", "stEAk"

Front 3

smallest meaningful unit of language =

Back 3

morpheme

Front 4

- allograph =
- ex:

Back 4

- diff. letter sequence/patterns that represent same sound
- lOOP, thrOUgh, thrEW, frUIt, canOE

Front 5

- phoneme =

Back 5

- part of a group or family of similar speech sounds that are percieved within a language as being the same speech sound.

Front 6

Count the phonemes in:
- reed
- comb
- cough

Back 6

- 3
- 3
- 3

Front 7

Count the phonemes in:
- oh
- lazy
- frog

Back 7

- 1
- 4
- 4

Front 8

Count the phonemes in:
- spilled
- thrill

Back 8

- 5
- 4

Front 9

- minimal pairs =
- ex:

Back 9

- words that vary by 1 PHONEME.
- look/book, hear/beer

Front 10

- allophone =
- ex:

Back 10

- one of the sound variants/alternates within a phoneme that does not change meaning.
- the L's in "little" sound slightly diff. but same phoneme.

Front 11

- onset =
- ID in: split, tried, fast

Back 11

- all consonants that preceed a vowel.
- SPLit, TRied, Fast

Front 12

- rhyme =

Back 12

- nucleus + coda

Front 13

- nucleus =
- ID in: split, tried, fast

Back 13

- usually vowels
- splIt, trIEd, fAst

Front 14

- coda =
- ID in: split, tried, fast

Back 14

- single consonants or consonant sound clusters after the nucleus.
- spliT, trieD, faST

Front 15

- open syllables =
- ex:

Back 15

- end with a vowel phoneme.
- the, maybe

Front 16

- closed syllabes =
- ex:

Back 16

- end with consonant phoneme
- had, keg, contain

Front 17

- word stress =
- 2 types =

Back 17

- increased emphasis on one syllable in words with more than one syllable
- primary and secondary

Front 18

- broad transcription =

Back 18

- transcription of speech that does not transcribe allophonic variation

Front 19

- narrow transcription =

Back 19

- diacritics

Front 20

phonetics =

Back 20

study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Front 21

Frequency, intensity, and duration of consonants/vowels =

Back 21

acoustic phonetics

Front 22

Perception of speech sounds (loudness, pitch, quality) =

Back 22

perceptual phonetics

Front 23

experimental phonetics =

Back 23

lab study of physiological, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics

Front 24

clinical phonetics =

Back 24

study and transcription of speech sound disorders

Front 25

Phonology:
- focuses on phonological rules that _____________.
- how speech sounds are combined into ________, _______, & _________.

Back 25

- categorize speech sounds
- syllables, words, & sentences

Front 26

What are the 6 branches of phonetics?

Back 26

- historical
- perceptual
- acoustic
- clinical
- physiological
- experimental

Front 27

- What does IPA stand for?
- What is it? (2)
- why do we have it?

Back 27

- International Phonetic Alphabet
- used to transcribe speech sounds; represents the sounds of words
- allows for consistency among professionals

Front 28

3 biological systems:

Back 28

- respiratory
- laryngeal
- supralaryngeal

Front 29

4 parts of supralaryngeal system:

Back 29

- pharynx
- oral cavity
- nasal cavity
- articulators

Front 30

What happens during inhalation? (5)

Back 30

- thoracic cavity expands
- diaphragm contracts & lowers
- external intercostal mm
- sternum & rib cage raise
- neg. pressure & air rushes in

Front 31

What happens during exhalation? (4)

Back 31

- lungs deflate
- diaphragm relaxes & rises & returns to original position
- rib cage becomes smaller (internal intercostals)
- expulsion of air through trachea

Front 32

Laryngeal system consists of: (5)

Back 32

- hyoid bone
- vocal folds
- thyroid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilages
- cricoid cartilages

Front 33

The larynx is attached inferiorly to the _________ and superiorly to the _________.

Back 33

- trachea
- hyoid bone

Front 34

The hyoid has MUSCULAR attachment to _______ & ________.

Back 34

- mandible
- tongue

Front 35

Vocal folds attach to front of ___________.

Back 35

- thyroid cartilage

Front 36

Each vocal fold attaches separately & posteriorly to ____________.

Back 36

- arytenoid cartilages

Front 37

Bernoulli effect =

Back 37

- aerodynamic principle; pulls vocal folds together.

Front 38

Supralaryngeal system also called:

Back 38

vocal tract

Front 39

3 major sections of pharynx:

Back 39

- laryngopharynx
- oropharynx
- nasopharynx

Front 40

Eustacian tubes
- fxn:
- they connect the _________ to the ________.

Back 40

- equalize changes in air pressure
- nasopharynx; middle ear

Front 41

During phonation:
- ______________.
- pulses of air through _______.
- __________ pressure pushes vocal folds apart.
- pulses of air controlled by ______________.
- air pulse collides with air in ___________.
- collision sends _________ through vocal tract to ______.

Back 41

- vocal fold vibration
- pulses of air through glottis
- subglottal pressure pushes vocal folds apart
- pulses of air controlled by opening/closing of vocal folds
- air pulse collides with air in vocal tract
- collision sends vibrations through vocal tract to lips

Front 42

Parts of tongue:
- tip is also called the ______.
- immediately behind the tip is the _______.
- "front" & "back" refer to:

Back 42

- apex
- blade
- the body

Front 43

Parts of the tongue:
- the entire tongue is called the ______.
- the root is anterior to the ______ & attached to the ________.

Back 43

- dorsum
- pharynx; mandible