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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Consonant
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A Phoneme produced with constriction in the vocal tract
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Consonant describtion is based on what 3 features?
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Manner, place, voicing
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*Homorganic (and example)
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When 2 phonemes share the same place of articulation
ex: /f,v/ |
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*Syllabic Consonant and example
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A consonant that serves at the nucleus of a syllable
/l,m,n/ |
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*Prevocalic. postvocalic, intervocalic
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Pre- before the vowel
Inter- between 2 vowels Post- after the vowel |
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Manner of Articulation
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The way in which the airstream is modified as it passes thru the vocal tract
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Stop
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Phonemes produced by a complete obstruction of airstream in the oral cavity, then a release of air
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*Is there always a release of air? Is there always complete closure of the vocal tract?
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Not always a release of air, but always complete closure of the vocal tract
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What's an allophone for /t/ and /d/?
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The one-tap trill and the glottal stop
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What are the stops in english?
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/p,b, t, d, k, g/
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Fricative
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A phoneme produced by forcing the airstream through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract
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List the fricatives
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/f, v/
/Ɵ, ð/ /s, z/ /ʃ, ʒ/ |
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Affricate
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Phonemes produced with a buildup of air pressure but then a release with noise
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Examples of Affricates
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/ʧ/
/ʤ/ |
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Nasal
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Phonemes produced with air exiting through the nasal cavity
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Complete closure during nasal sounds?
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Airstream
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Velopharyngeal port during nasals?
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Open
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Examples of nasals
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/m,n, ng/
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Liquid
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Phoneme produced with a relatively open vocal tract
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State how each liquid is made
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/l/-tounge touches alveolar ridge, air escapes over sides of tounge
retroflexed /r/- tongue tip curls back toward alveolar ridge bunched /r/- tongue tip is lowered, blade of tongue bunches up toward the hard palate |
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Glide
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phoneme produced with gliding motion or change in the place of articulation
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List how glides are made
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/j/ moves from palatal positon forward
/w/ moves from bilabial position back |
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Define place of articulation
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The point in the vocal tract where constriction is located
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Bilabial
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Phoneme produced with upper and lower labia coming together
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*Bilablials according to manner
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stops- p, b
nasals-m glides-w |
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Labiodental
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Phoneme produced with top central incisors on lower lip
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*Labiodentals according to manner
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Fricatives- f, v
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Interdental
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Phoneme produced with tongue tip or blade between front teeth
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*Interdentals according to manner
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Fricatives- voiced and voiceless th
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Alveolar
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Phoneme produced with tongue tip or blade touching or approximating the alveolar ridge
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*Alveolars according to manner
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stops- t,d
fricatives- s,z Nasals- n Laterals- l |
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Palatal
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Phoneme produced with the blade of the tongue touching or approximating the hard palate
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*Palatals according to manner
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Fricatives: /ʃ, ʒ/
Affricates: /ʧ, ʤ/ Liquids: /r/ Glides: /j/ |
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Velar
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Phoneme produced with the back of the tongue (dorsum) against the velum
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*Velars according to manner
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Stops- k,g
Nasals- ng |
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Glottal
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Phoneme produced at the vocal folds
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*Glottals according to manner
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Fricatives /h/
Stops glottal stop |
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Voicing
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Whether sound is produced with vocal fold vibration or not
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*Cognate
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Pairs of phonemes that share certain features but differ by one feature
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*8 pairs of voicing cognates
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b,p
t,d s,z voiced and voiceless th dg and tf shz and shh v,f g, k |
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resonant/nonobstruent
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produced with resonance throughout the entire vocal tract
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Which manner of consonants are resonant/nonobstruent?
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Nasals, liquids, glides
ALL VOICED |
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Nonresonant/obstruent
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Produced with a noise source at the constriction in the vocal tract
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Examples of nonresonant/obstruent
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Stops, fricatives, afficates
CAN BE VOICED OR VOICELESS |
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Semivowels/approximants
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Produced with articulators approaching, but not touching, the vocal tract
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*Which consonants are semivowels/approximants?
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liquids and glides
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Why is it important to know the voicing/place/manner of consonants?
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Clinical applications- its necessary to know how sounds are made to correct them in therapy
Theoretical Applications- its important to know what sounds have similar features so we can predict patterns of problems |
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*6 most frequent consonants in GAE
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/n,t,s,r,l,d/
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*Next 5 more frequent consonants
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/k,w,z, voiced th, m/
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Why does the frequency of consonants matter?
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Clinical implications- if a sound is used more frequently, mispronunciing it will affect intelligibility more than another less frequent sound
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Citation form
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careful pronunciation of a word as a single item
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Connected Speech
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Joining two or more words together in the pronunciatioin of a single utterance
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*How do phonemes chage in connected speech?
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Overlapping phonemes, syllable boundaries are less clear, and vowels change
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Assimilation
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the process in which phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds
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Suprasegmentals
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features of speech productoin that go beyond the phonemic level to affect an entire utterance
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Coarticulation
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the overlapping of the articulators during speech
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*How are coarticulation and assimilation different?
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coarticulation descriebes what the articulators are doing, while assimilation describes how phonemes change
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Regressive assimilation/example
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when a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it
arencha gladja went |
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Progressive assimilation/example
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when a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme preceding it
DISORDERED SPEECH dadi instead of doggy |
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Elision/example
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ommision of a phoneme
ex/ contracts becomes contracs camera becomes camra give me becomes gimme |
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*Epenthesis
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the addition of a phoneme to a word
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*Metathesis
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when two adjacent phonemes switch positions
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Define vowel reduction and give an example
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when a vowel becomes a schwa
tumorrow becomes tamarrow |
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*3 examples of short words that may show vowel reduction
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as a an
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Word Stress
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the syllable in a word spoken with greater emphesis
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*Primary and Secondary stress
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primary-strongest stress
secondary-next strongest stress |
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*Diacritic mark for primary and secondary stress
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High in front of the stressed syllable, low in front of unstressed
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*Sentence stress
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The words that recieve primary stress in a sentence
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Content Words/examples
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Words that convey important info in the sentence
nounds, verbs, adverbs |
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Function Words/examples
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Words that are less important that usually convey grammatical meaning
articles, prepositions |
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*Contrasive stress and when it can change the usual stressings of words in a sentence
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stress used to emphasize an important piece of info
I saw her crawl ON the table |
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Who generally has more difficulty with stress when speaking?
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ESL or deaf speakers
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Intonantion
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modificatoin of voice poitch
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When is it important to know how to transcribe intonation patterns?
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accent modification/trainign
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Tempo/timing
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the duration of units of speech
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duration
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the length of phonemes
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*How can duration vary depending on phonetic context?
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vowels in open syllables=longer, vowels before voiceless consonants are generally shorter than vowels before voiced consonants
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Diacritics
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symbols used to modify a phoneme to indicated a change in sound production
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*broad vs narrow transcription
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broad=target, narrow=how sounds are actually produced
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Nasalization
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Sound produced with some air exiting thru nasal cavity.
~ Placed above the phoneme Normally happens in vowels preceded or followed by a nasal sound |
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Nasal Emission
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Release of noise energy thru the nasal cavity
~ with dots over the phoneme Most often occures in people with neurological problems, cleft palate, or unsual sound production patterns |
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Dentalized
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Tip of tonuge against the front upper teeth
Staple below the phoneme Dentalized lisp for /s/ |
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Lateralized
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Release of air over the sides of the tongue
Half circle under the phoneme Lateralized lisp for /shh, ch, s/ |
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Partially voiced
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Normally unvoiced sound becomes voiced
Carrot under the phoneme Children, ESL |
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Partially devoiced
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Normally unvoiced sounds become voiced
Circle under the phoneme Children, ESL |
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*Aspirated
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Air burst in sound production
After the sound, h in superscript Stop sound at beg. of word, or exxagerating articulation at the end of a word |
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*Unrealeased
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air unrealeased in sound production
after the sound in superscript (angle) stop sound at the end of a word |
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*Lengthening
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Sounds longer than usual
: after the phoneme conversational speech, at the end of a phrase |
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*Open Juncture
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break in speach
+ where the break occurs conversational speech, to distinguish word or phrase boundaries |
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Syllabic consonant
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When a single consonant makes up a syllable
Little line under the consonant |
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More lip rounding
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more lip rounding than expected
half circle facing outwards over phoneme non english languages, not a common allophone in english |
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Less lip rounding
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less lip rounding than expected
half circle sucked in over phoneme dialect variations, md dialect of "home" |
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Raised tonuge
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raised more than normal, but not enough to change the vowel
_|_ under the vowel dialect variations |
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Lowered tongue
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More lowered than normal, but not enoguh to change the vowel
_ _ | under the vowel dialect variations |
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Juncture
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| Short Pause
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