Phonetics And Phonology

Front 1

what are the processes of speech production?

Back 1

1. Initiation (of airflow)
2. Phonation (voicing of sound)
3. Articulation

Front 2

Initiation is?

Back 2

Creating an airstream in the vocal tract. This is done during breathing, Can be egressive (out-flowing airsteam) or ingressive (in-flowing airstream).
3 different locations:
pulmonic egressive = majority of the world's sounds
(air flows in + out of lungs)

velaric ingressive = click sounds
(air flows in oral cavity, can make clicks in mouth while breathing through your nose)

glottalic egressive = ejective sounds
glottalic ingressive = implosive sounds

Front 3

What is phonation?

Back 3

Voicing of sound
As the pulmonic egressive airstream passes through the larynx it may be modified by the vocal folds.

If the vocal folds are open, the air passes freely through them and the sound is voiceless

If the vocal folds are closed, the air has to force its way through, the folds vibrate and the sound is voiced
the space between the folds is the glottis
so if glottis is open = voiceless sound
if glottis is closed = voiced sound
if glottis completely closed = glottal stop

Front 4

What is articulation?

Back 4

the interaction of active and passive articulators modifies the airstream at various points along the vocal tract.
the articulatory process divided into 2 sections:
1. place (where in the vocal tract obstruction of air flow occurs) [the location of the passive articulator in the vocal tract]
2. manner (degree to which the airflow is obstructed)

Front 5

What are active articulators?

Back 5

Ones that can move: lips and tongue and teeth

Front 6

what are passive articulators?

Back 6

ones which cannot move: upper and lower teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate)

Front 7

What are the places of articulation?

Back 7

There are
1.LABIAL 2.LABIO-DENTAL 3.DENTAL 4.ALVEOLAR 5.POST-ALVEOLAR 6.Retroflex 7.PALATAL 8.VELAR 9.Uvular 10.Pharyngeal 11.GLOTTAL

Front 8

What is the velum (soft palate)?

Back 8

the velum is a muscle, which can be raised against the back wall of the pharynx to create an air-tight seal between the oral and nasal cavities.
when it is lowered air is free to flow out through the nasal cavity
when it is raised(closed), closing off the nasal cavity the segment produced is oral. the airstream from the lungs is forced out through the oral cavity.

Front 9

the tongue is divided into a number of sections, what are they?

Back 9

1.tip
2.blade (below the alveolar ridge)
3.front (middle section below the hard palate)
4.back (opposite the velum and uvula)
5.root (a vertical section which faces backwards towards the back wall of the pharynx)

Front 10

parts of the tongue

Back 10

Front 11

what is the larynx?

Back 11

the larynx is at the top of the trachea. It is a boxlike construction of cartilage.
the protuberance at the top of larynx is Adam's apple
the vocal folds are inside the larynx just below the level of the Adam's apple

Front 12

what is the oral cavity?

Back 12

from the velum to the lips

Front 13

what is the pharynx?

Back 13

begins behind the velum and ends at the larynx

Front 14

what is the vocal tract?

Back 14

the pharynx + oral cavity

Front 15

there are 3 resonating cavities of the head and neck, what are they?

Back 15

1. nasal cavity (divided by oral cavity by hard palate and can be cut off or connected to the vocal tract by the action of the velum)
2. oral cavity
3. pharynx

Front 16

important parts of head and neck used in speech production

Back 16

Front 17

organs of speech

Back 17

Front 18

organs of speech

Back 18

Front 19

places of articulation:
Labial

Back 19

sounds formed by articulation of upper and lower lips
eg. p b m

Front 20

places of articulation:
Labio-dental

Back 20

sounds produced by the lower lip and upper incisors, the lip is the passive articulator and the upper incisors are the active articulators.
eg. f v

Front 21

places of articulation:
Dental (inter - dental)

Back 21

sounds made putting the tip of the tongue in contact with the incisors, or actually between both sets of teeth
eg. θ and ð

Front 22

places of articulation:
Alveolar

Back 22

the blade or tip and blade of the tongue touches or comes close to the alveolar ridge.
eg. n t d s z l r

Front 23

places of articulation:
post-alveolar
(alveopalatal or palate - alveolar)

Back 23

blade of the tongue articulating with the junction of the alveolar ridge and the hard palate
eg. ʃ ʒ tʃ ʤ

Front 24

places of articulation:
Palatal

Back 24

the front of the tongue articulating with the hard palate
eg. j

Front 25

places of articulation:
Velar

Back 25

back of the tongue articulating with the velum (soft palate)
eg. k g ŋ

Front 26

manner of articulation

Back 26

the degree of obstruction of airflow due to the proximity of the active and passive articulators

Front 27

manners of articulation

Back 27

nasal, plosives, fricatives, approximants, affricates, trills, taps and flaps

Front 28

central vs lateral

Back 28

describes the route the airstream takes as it passes through the oral cavity.
Except for stops, in the production of all consonantal segments, the pulmonic airstream may be central or lateral
In English only l is lateral, all other segmentals are central.

Front 29

places of articulation:
Glottal

Back 29

sounds formed from the glottis
the sound associated with h in hang is a glottal sound

Front 30

what is a stop? also called plosives

Back 30

a manner of articulation.
the articulators form an air-tight seal at some point in the oral tract; the air flow is completely obstructed.

3 stages in production of a plosive consonant:
closing stage + hold stage = stop
release stage = plosion

Occasionally plosives may lack the closing or release stages but they ALWAYS have a HOLD stage

Front 31

what is an articulator?

Back 31

a part of the oral cavity that is directly involved in making a speech sound.

Front 32

why are the English nasals considered stops?

Back 32

although air from the lungs is free to flow out through the nasal cavity, each of these sounds involves a complete obstruction at some point in the oral cavity.

Front 33

what is a fricative?

Back 33

manner of articulation
the active articulators come close enough to the passive ones to impede or restrict the flow of air but do not stop it completely;
the air stream becomes turbulent and a audible hiss is produced.
eg. f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Front 34

what is an affricate?

Back 34

a complete obstruction is released gradually; the air, which has built up behind the obstruction squeezes through the gap creating audible friction.
English only has 2: tʃ and ʤ

Front 35

what is an approximant?

Back 35

the vocal tract is narrowed by movement of the active articulator towards the passive one; the gap is not narrow enough to produce turbulence so no hiss.
can be divided into 2 classes:
1. liquids [l r]
2. semi vowels/glides [j w]
the glides are phonetically like vowels
but they behave like consonants (consonantal behaviour is shown by use of indefinite article as a before consonants and not as an as in front vowels when using j and w)

Front 36

what is a trill?

Back 36

the active articulator is held in such a position that the airstream flowing over it causes it to vibrate rapidly against the passive one. the vocal tract is alternatively open and closed.
seen is some dialects of Scottish English eg. rabbit

Front 37

what is a flap and tap?

Back 37

the active articulator makes a single fast contact with the passive one. in some English dialects heard when the alveolar stops are articulated as taps when between 2 vowels, the t in butter

Front 38

list the manners of articulation

Back 38

nasals, plosives, fricatives, affricates, approximants, trills, taps and flaps

Front 39

how are vowels differentiated from consonants?

Back 39

by reference to their articulation.
articulators do not touch, there is no restriction to the airfow.
the airflow is voiced as it comes through the glottis. vowel sounds are produced by changes in the position of lips, tongue, and lower jaw; these changes combine to alter the shape of the oral cavity.

Front 40

vowels

Back 40

easy to make; first sounds that babies produce

they are more mobile than consonant sounds and as a consequence, frequent indicators of variations in accent.

Front 41

what is the cardinal vowel system?

Back 41

a reference system devised by daniel jones(english 1881-1967) for plotting the position of vowels in the mouth during their articulation.

provides a set of reference points for mapping of vowels. it visualises the centre of the mouth as a grid diagram - the dimensions of which correspond to the vowel space.

Front 42

where vowels are produced

Back 42

Front 43

the standard IPA vowel chart

Back 43

Front 44

3 parameters are used to describe articulation of vowels

Back 44

1. HEIGHT (vertical movement of tongue)
close/high vowel = tongue close as possible to roof of mouth
open/ low vowel = tongue as far as possible from roof of mouth

2.BACKNESS (horizontal movement of tongue)
front, central, back

3. ROUNDNESS (lip position)
rounded or unrounded

Front 45

vowel quality is?

Back 45

the difference between vowel sounds. differences in quality are distinctive, serves to differentiate one vowel from another

different shapes = different resonance
different resonance = different vowel quality

the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract are known as formants
formants can be seen using a spectrograph

Front 46

vowels can be divided into?

Back 46

MONOPHTHONGS [pure vowels] (single sound/quality of vowel remains relatively unchanged
English distinguishes up to 12

DIPHTHONGS (glides between vowel positions/vowel that is produced with continually changing quality.
English distinguishes around 8

Front 47

vowel length or quantity

Back 47

all vowels are either short or long
in modern English differences in quantity are not distinctive (they do not result in phonemic contrasts)

Front 48

short vowels

Back 48

also referred to as lax - since they involve less tense articulation of the vocal organs
also referred to as checked = meaning they can only occur in a closed syllable (those which have a coda, unless the syllable is unstressed)

Front 49

list long vowels in english

Back 49

monophthongs
i: bead
ɑ: bard
ɜ: bird, burn
ɔ: saw, bought
u: booed

all diphthongs are long.

Front 50

diphthongs

Back 50

if the sound continually changes within a single syllable then it is a diphthong.
a diphthong moves from a starting position to a finishing position (represented by a digraph, with a start point, an end point and an arrow to show continuous production)

Front 51

diphthongs

Back 51

can be classified as opening, closing or centring.
opening = the mouth opens during their production
closing = mouth moves to a closer position
centring = the final element on the diphthong is a central vowel

Front 52

what is the process of breaking?

Back 52

long vowels can, over time, develop into diphthongs

Front 53

what is the process of smoothing?

Back 53

diphthongs can become long monophthongs

Front 54

what is a triphthong?

Back 54

a group of vowel sounds that typically combine a diphthong and a monophthong together.
(these combinations occur systematically enough to identify them separately)
they are a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third
each one ends in SCHWA.
this means that the diphthongs that already end in schwa do not extend to form triphthongs.

/ɛɪə/ player /ɑɪə/ fire /ɔɪə/ royal

Front 55

what is this symbol?

ə

Back 55

schwa also shwa
this is the most frequent vowel phoneme in English

a weak and unstressed vowel produced from the central area of the mouth
frequently occurs in small function words like: the, and, for especially in running speech

Front 56

what is reduction?

Back 56

when a weaker vowel (usually ə, sometimes ɪ or ʊ ) is substituted in place of a stronger one
frequently happens in connected speech where many monosyllabic words (to for and the) are lightly stressed
also occurs in polysyllabic words in those syllables that are unstressed.

Front 57

what is elision?

Back 57

the omission of a phoneme in speech. Words such as handsome and mostly are frequently pronounced without /d/ and /t/
elision is common in casual speech styles, particularly at word boundaries.
the most frequently elided consonants are /t/ and /d/

Front 58

what is a diacritic?

Back 58

a mark or symbol that indicates the pronunciation value of a speech segment.
they are predominantly used in conjunction with the phoneme symbols from the IPA to indicate allophonic variants.
some letters of the conventional alphabet can also function diacritically. eg. e at the end of some monosyllables din and dine - the silent e lets us know the previous vowel is a diphthong rather than a short vowel.

Front 59

list all voiceless consonants in English

Back 59

/p/ /t/ /k/ STOPS
/f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/ FRICATIVES
/tʃ/ AFFRICATE

Front 60

LIST all stops in ENGLISH

Back 60

/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ oral stops
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ nasal stops

Front 61

list all fricatives in english

Back 61

/f/ /v/ labio - dental
/θ/ /ð/ dental
/s/ /z/ alveolar
/ʃ/ /ʒ/ post - alveolar
/h/ glottal

Front 62

list all affricates in english

Back 62

/tʃ/ and /ʤ/ both are post-alveolar

/tʃ/ is voiceless
/ʤ/ is voiced

Front 63

list all approximants in english

Back 63

/w/ /l/ /r/ /j/

w is labio velar
l is alveolar lateral
r is alveolar
j is palatal

l and r are LIQUIDS
w and j are GLIDES (semi-vowels)

Front 64

english consonants

Back 64