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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articulatory phonetics |
how speech sounds are made in the body |
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Acoustic Phonetics
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the physical properties of the speech sounds that are made |
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Perception |
what happens to the speech signal once the sound wave has reached someone's ear |
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Phoneme |
smallest unit of sound which can differentiate one word from another |
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Allophone |
variations of a phoneme e.g. [k] in 'cat' and 'cool' |
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Pulmonic airflow |
movement of airflow initiated by the lungs |
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Egressive airflow |
airflow that comes out of the vocal tract |
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Thoracic cavity |
chest |
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Anatomy |
refers to the structure of living organisms |
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Physiology |
refers to how living organisms and their parts function |
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Subglottal system |
everything below the larynx/glottis |
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Inhalation |
diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles make ribcage move upwards and outwards, lower pressure |
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Exhalation |
diaphragm relaxes, intercostal muscles relax and chest contracts, higher pressure |
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Initiation |
setting air in motion through the vocal tract |
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Coronol sounds |
produced using the front part of the tongue |
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Velum raised |
nasal cavity blocked, air passes through mouth |
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Velum lowered |
nasal cavity opened, nasal airflow |
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Phonation |
modification of airflow as it passes through the larynx |
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Articulation |
shaping of airflow to generate particular sounds |
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Posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles |
join the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages |
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Posterior contraction |
vocal folds open |
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Lateral contraction |
vocal folds closed |
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Apical
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sounds made with tongue tip
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Laminal
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sounds made with tongue blade
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Dorsal
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sounds made with the middle/back of the tongue
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Laminar
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smooth airflow e.g. approximants
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Resonants
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more open than approximants with laminar airflow whether voiced or not - often function as vowels - nucleus of the syllable
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Suprasegmentals
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('musical' aspects) aspects of sound which relate to things like length, phrasing, intonation etc. Function over ('supra') vowels and consonants
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Narrow transcription
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contain representations of as many details as we can observe
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Broad transcription
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use a restricted set of symbols, glossing over many phonetic details on grounds that they're predictable from the context and not important in distinguishing word meanings e.g. in dictionaries
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Simple transcription
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uses familiar Roman letter shapes
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Comparative transcription
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(also narrower) used to compare sounds, transcribing different varieties of a single sound when we hear them
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Systematic transcription
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limit number of symbols used to a given set e.g. phonemic transcriptions - only the contrastive units of a language - enclosed in / /
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Phonemic transcription
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one linguistically meaningful sound map on to one symbol - necessarily broad
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Allophonic transcription
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narrower than phonemic, capturing such details even though they are predictabe
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Impressionistic transcription
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uses the full potential of the IPA to record much observable detail - necessarily narrow - enclosed in [ ]
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Citation form
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for when a word is spoken slowly and in isolation - found in dictionaries
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Analphabetic notation
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composite symbols (made up of different bits - e.g. Thomas Wright Hill who numbered all upper and lower articulators), whereas alphabetic = one symbol per sound e.g. IPA chart
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Evaluation of the IPA
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only some symbols appear in pairs, only some 'place' labels specify the upper and lower articulators e.g. labiodental, not all 'places' appear e.g. no epiglottal/post-palatal, retroflex is given as a 'place' but is more about the tongue, some gaps and some 'impossible' sounds possible
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