Philosophy Text 1

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"philos"

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love

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"sophia"

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wisdom

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metaphysics:

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-study of being

-what is reality?

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epistemology:

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-study of knowledge

-what is true knowledge? NOT beleifs.

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ethics:

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-right vs wrong

-what is right?

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logic:

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'logos'- thought, word, idea, explaination

-study of thinking (good thinking vs bad thinking)

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political thoery:

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-justice

-what is the best form to govern a society?

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argument:

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the basic building block of logic

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conclusion:

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the statement that other statements are trying to prove

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premise:

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the REASONS the argument gives to believe the conclusion

-argument an be OK with just one, but most good ones have two

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propositional form:

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-important part of standardizing an argument

-

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proposition:

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-statement that can be true or false

-NOT questions, interjections, imperatives or commands

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valid:

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-premises DEMANDS truth of the conclusion

-pemises do NOT have to be true

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sound:

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if an argument is valid AND the premises are true

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A->B

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EVERY TIME A is true, B is true

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"Only if"

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~B -> ~A

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A -> B (positive valid)

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B / A

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A -> B (negative valid)

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~B / ~A

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The Milesans consisted of who?

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Thales, teacher of
Anaximander, teacher of
Anaximenes

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what do the Milesians agree on?

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-cosmos began as a single stuff that changed and became the universe

-original material has w/i its own source of moition and change

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what is the Milesians veiwpoint called?

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-material monism

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Who predicted an eclipse?

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Thales.... also, boughth a crop of olives to become wealthy just to show others

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what did Thales believe the "stuff" to be?

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water

-and he said earth ress or floats on water

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why did THales believe it to be water?

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-saw the nourishment of all things moist

-seeds of all things have a moist nature

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what did thatels believe about the soul?

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that all things were full of gods

-belived it was something that produced motion, like a magnet

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Anaximander:

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-said to have been the first person to construct a map of the world

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why didn't anaximander believe everything to be water?

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-becausehe said it was too definate to be somethin else

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What was "stuff" for anaximander?

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-boundless and in motion

-gave rise to hot and cold

-was the first to call it indefinate

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what did anamiander believe about the sun and animals?

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-sun was the same size as the earth

-first animals were born from moisture in thorny barks

- believed humans to come from other animals

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Anaximenes called the stuff:

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aer: a dense mist

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qualities of aer:

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-finer: fire

-denser: wind, clouds, water, etc

-always moving

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Pathagoras:

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-settled in Croton

-founded a philosophical community

-starved to death in a temple after an uprising

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Philisosphical Pythagoras:

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-originator of important Pythegorean doctrine of the transmigration of souls

-sometime after his death his diciples split into two groups
(akousmatiki- religion and propoer way to live; mathematiki- philosophy and math)

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What did Pathagoras believe?

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-that number was the key to understand the cosmos

-limiters and unlimiteds (harmonia)

-it is knowable

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What did Pathagoras believe about life after death?

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-that souls turned into animal



-things that happen reccur at certain intervals

-nothing is new

-all things alive are kin

-don't eat fallen food cuz it fell on someones death

-black is evil; white is good

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What did Pythagorus say about himself?

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-he asked Hermes (dad) to retain memory of both alive and dead

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akousmata:

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-some indicated what something is

-some indicate what is greatest degree

-some indicate what must or must not be done

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tetractys:

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-first 4 numbers = 10

-source of ever flowing nature

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harmonia:

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fourth, fifth and octave

-five tones, two semitones
three tones, one semitone
two tones, one semitone

3:4 3:2 2:1

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Heraclitus:

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-logos

-argued that there is a single divine law of the universe

-link b/t divine logos and souls of ppl

-believed opposites to be a unity, so what is is also what is not

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What did heraclitus argue against Pythagoras?

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much learning does not teach understanding

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what was Heraclitus veiw on mankind?

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-said ppl are dumb and have a bad nature

-knowledge of most people is belief

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parmindides

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-student of xenophanes but 'did not follow him'

-no general agreement of his theory

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what did Parmedines believe?

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--genuine thought and knowledge canm only be about what is

-rejected the 'beliefs of mortals'

-what is must be whole, complete, unchanging and one

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parmedines litteraure:

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-goddess gave him cosmological account of the universe

-Doxa- decptive

-belive the changing world to be unreal?

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Parmidenes said:

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-destruction is unheard of

-it is not divided since it is all alike

-it is all full of what is

-and is continuous

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Zeno:

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-young lover of Parmedines

-resisted tyranny even though tortured

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Zenos framework:

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-explored Parms ideas

-shows that neither plurality or motion is compatable requirements for being: things would be both alike and unlike

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How does Zeno demostrate his beliefs?

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-midpoint argument and 'Achilles'

-paradox exists (to Heraclitus)

-time is composed of many 'nows,' and in the now motion is motionless

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Zeno also said:

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place is a place there fore it does not exist; therefore it is infinate

-bushell of seeds sould make the same noise as one

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the Sophists:

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-moral and social thinkers

-spured from the growth of democracy

-offered instruction on rhetorical skills

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what did the sophists ponder?

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-whether morality was a matter of nature or convention

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who were the sophists?

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protagoras

gorgias

antiphon

critias

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protagoras:

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-man is the measure of all things

-there are two sides to everything

-education is not implanted in the souls unless one reaches greater depths

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Gorgias:

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could argue any side of any argument

-argued logos was the reason Troy did/ did not happen

-on one side it is powerful and divine but on the other it is decieving and ruled by opinion

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Some Gorgian Quotes:

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destroy seriousness w/ laughter and vise versa

-those who study normal stuff are sleepin with the hasndmaids

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Antiphon:

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-wrote a book on how to win a case

-said time is relative

-said the mind is more powerful than the body

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Antiphone likes to talk about :

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natures laws vs man laws; says man laws go against nature

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Critias:

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-belived people to be good by practice, not nature

-humans established laws as punishers