Philosophy Quiz 2

Front 1

Ontology

Back 1

The philisophical study of the nature, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations

Front 2

Essence

Back 2

Attribute or sets of attributes that make an entity or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and without which it loses its identity.

Front 3

Knowledge

Back 3

Familiarity with something or someone, which include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. Justified True Belief.

Front 4

Justified True Belief

Back 4

The theory of knowledge. A good reason for doing something; has faith or trust that something will prove to be useful or successful; Cannot be false.

Front 5

Res Cogitan

Back 5

Cartesian Substance: a thinking substance; of the mind.

Front 6

Res Extense

Back 6

Cartesian Substance: Extended in the universe; body.

Front 7

Descarte's Dream Argument

Back 7

P1) I often have perceptions very much like the ones I usually have in sensation while I am dreaming
P2) There are no definite signs that differentiate from dreaming life and waking like.
C) Therefore, it is possible that I am dreaming right now and my perceptions are false.

Front 8

Descarte's Brain-in-a-vat Argument

Back 8

P1) I know that the external world exists, if not I am just a brain in a vat.
P2) I dont really know that I am not a brain in a vat.
C) I dont know that the external world exists

Front 9

Descarte's Deceiving God Argument

Back 9

P1) There is an all powerful God who has created us.
P2) This God has the power to deceive us from mathematical knowledge.
C) It is possible that we are deceived about the mathematical knowledge of the basic structures of the world.

Front 10

Empiricism

Back 10

The view that states reason and experience as the source for knowledge or justification

Front 11

Tabula Rasa

Back 11

"Clean slate". Argument that states that all people are born without predisposed ideas and concepts but are learned through experience.

Front 12

Idealism

Back 12

Reality, or reality as we know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.

Front 13

A Priori & A Posteriori

Back 13

- Knowledge prior to experience; dependent on experience
- Knowledge after experience; independent of experience

Front 14

Epistemology

Back 14

Study of knowlege, what it is and how we acquire it.

Front 15

Skepticism

Back 15

Questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts; doubts regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere.
- Contends that we know far less than the Standard View says we know.

Front 16

Aristotle's 4 Causes

Back 16

- Material Cause: the substance out of which the thing exists.
- Formal Cause: The substance in which the thing is arranged.
- Efficient Cause: The mover that causes the thing to be or happen.
- Final Cause: The purpose for why it exists.

Front 17

Cosmology

Back 17

The study of the origins and eventual fate of the universe

Front 18

Innate

Back 18

Ideas inborn in the human mind.
- ex) the idea that you exist does not need to be learned.

Front 19

Causality

Back 19

The relation of two events, one event being the cause and the other being the effect. One event bringing about another according to natural law.
- Everything has a cause.

Front 20

Standard View of Knowledge

Back 20

The default view of what we know; what most people believe that we know.
- Common Sense

Front 21

Descarte's External World Does Exist Argument

Back 21

I cannot tell which source is right, since God has not given me a faculty to determine it, but he has given me a great inclination to believe that these ideas came from corporal things and God is not a deceiver.
- Things are already here, we are just observing them.

Front 22

Plato & Aristotle

Back 22

- Believes that the forms are equal and unchanging and are in another realim
- Believes that form is related to substance material, thus the form is accessible here in the physical world.

Front 23

Sources of Knowledge

Back 23

- Perceptions
- Memory
- Testimony
- Introspection (looking inward)
- Reasoning/ Inference
- Rational Insight/ Intuition

Front 24

3 Challenges to the Standard View of Knowledge

Back 24

- Skepticism View
- Naturalistic View
- Relativistic View

Front 25

Materialism

Back 25

In philosophy, the theory that states the only things that exist are matter and energy

Front 26

Methodological Doubt

Back 26

Descarte developed this method in which he took all objects of knowledge "off" the imaginary "table of knowledge" and later "put back" things he could prove beyond a doubt.

Front 27

Locke's Argument

Back 27

Because all children and idiots dont know certain things, they were not born with innate ideas, and they learn through experience.

Front 28

Appearance vs. Reality

Back 28

Are we all looking at the same color spectrum? The lightness and darkness of the room matter on what colors we see, so can we all see what there is, really, if there are different view points?

Front 29

Pragmatism

Back 29

Philisophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory.
- A process where theory is extracted from practice and applied back to practice to form an intelligent practice. Practical.

Front 30

Rationalism

Back 30

- Justified through logic or reason.
- Any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge.
- A method or theory in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive.

Front 31

Phenomenalism

Back 31

The view that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves, but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli situated in time and in space.

Front 32

Theory of Forms

Back 32

Plato's Dualism: Distinct and immaterial substance of which the objects and other phenomena that we preceive in the world are nothing more than mere shadows.

Front 33

Naturalistic View

Back 33

More of a scientific level. Emphasizes on the role of the natural science.

Front 34

Relativistic View

Back 34

Realistic view. The SV says one side is wrong, but who is wrong and why?

Front 35

Traditional Analysis of Knowledge

Back 35

States that knowledge is defined trough a tripartite of conditions:
S knows P if
1) S believes P
2) P is true
3) S is justified in believing in P

Front 36

Gettier Problem

Back 36

Proposed two scenarios where the three criteria (justification, truth, belief) seemed to be met, but where the majority of readers would not have felt that the result was knowledge due to the elment of luck involved.
- argues against JTB, knowledge is more than justified true belief.

ex) we know that teacher's employment is based on their overall performance which include how well students perform on standardized tests. we believe that Some students are not held to the same standards as others. therefore teachers can manipulate standardized tests in order to secure their employment.