Philosophy- P100 Quiz/test 4

Front 1

what did hegel refer to history as?

Back 1

Slaughter bench.

Front 2

what is the dialectical process?

Back 2

1. thesis

2. Antithesis

3.synthesis

Front 3

what does zeitgeist mean?

Back 3

spirit of the times

Front 4

what are the two classes of capitalism?

Back 4

1. Bourgeoisie

2. proletariat

Front 5

What was the most important thing Hegel missed to Kierkegaard?

Back 5

existence. "to strive, consider alternatives, choose, decide, and above all, to make a commitment."

Front 6

Which biblical figure illustrates the human condition and exemplifies authentic experience?

Back 6

Abraham.

Front 7

who is famous for saying "god is dead?"

Back 7

Nietzsche

Front 8

what was Nietzsche's famous quote about death of god?

Back 8

"at last the sea, our sea, lies open before us. Perhaps there has never been so open a sea.

Front 9

who said that for humans, "Existence precedes essence."?

Back 9

Sartre

Front 10

What is the one value as if it was objective to Sartre?

Back 10

authenticity(being responsible for your choices)

Front 11

who said "tis not contrary to reason to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of my finger"?

Back 11

david hume

Front 12

Who said, "two things fill the mind with ever new and increasion admiration and awe...."

Back 12

immanuel kant

Front 13

who said that there is an objective morality "out there"

Back 13

david hume

Front 14

who said we project value onto a value neutral world?

Back 14

immanuel kant

Front 15

what are the two kinds of knowledge to Hume?

Back 15

relations of ideas (not informative) and matters of fact (informative).

Front 16

what is the unifying golden thread that runs throughout all of kants philosophy?

Back 16

how is synthetic a priori knowledge possible?

Front 17

There is a red apple on my desk is and example of what kind of judgement?

Back 17

synthetic

Front 18

Triangles have three sides is an example of which kind of statement?

Back 18

Analytic

Front 19

which statment is known to be dependent on sense experience?

Back 19

a posteriori

Front 20

what statement is know to be independent of sense experience?

Back 20

a priori

Front 21

what is the objective world of our experience?

Back 21

the human mind

Front 22

which statement is impossible if humes for is correct?

Back 22

synthetic a priori

Front 23

which reality is the way things reall are in themselves?

Back 23

noumenal

Front 24

which reality is the way things appears to us?

Back 24

phenomenal

Front 25

where do scientific laws apply according to kant?

Back 25

phenomenal

Front 26

act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it shopuld become a universal law

Back 26

categorical imparative

Front 27

which actions have moral worth according to kant?

Back 27

actions done from duty

Front 28

what is the principle of utility?

Back 28

bring the greatest about of happiness to the greatest number of people

Front 29

what are the two forms of intuition?>

Back 29

space and time

Front 30

according to kant what is the one thing that is unconditionally good?

Back 30

good will

Front 31

what did hume claim about value?

Back 31

we project value onto a value neutral world

Front 32

ESSAY QUESTIONS

Back 32

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Front 33

Explain humes fork

Back 33

1. according to hume, all knowledge concerns either logical truths or empirical facts that can be confirmed by sense experience.

2. any claim that is not a logical truth nor conformable by sense experience is ultimately"nothing buy sophistry and illusion"

3.the criticism is it doesn't pass its own test, it is not a logical truth or conformable by sense experience.

Front 34

There are three kinds of knowledge, according to Kant. What arethey? Which of the three is excluded by Hume’s “fork”?

Back 34

• Analytic a priori

• Synthetic a posteriori

• Synthetic a priori

• Hume’s fork excludes the possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge

Front 35

Summarize Kant’s “Copernican Revolution.”

Back 35

• Previously it was thought that the mind conforms to the object.

• Kant argued that it’s the other way around: the “object” conforms to the workings of the mind.

• The mind doesn’t just passively copy the object; it actively constructs the object out of the raw materials supplied by the senses.

• This “construction” always proceeds according to certain rules. Therefore our experience will always have certain features – universally and necessarily.

Front 36

Summarize Kant’s ethical theory. Include in your discussion Kant’sideas on (a) the supreme good, (b) which actions have moral worth, and (c) howwe determine whether an action is morally acceptable or not.

Back 36

(a) The supreme good, according to Kant, is a good will [i.e., the intention to do the right thing]. Only a good will is good unconditionally.

(b) Only actions done “from duty” or “for the sake of duty” have moral worth.

(c) When in doubt, we can determine if an action is morally acceptable by using this test: act only on those maxims that you can will to become a universal law.

Front 37

Summarize utilitarian ethical theory. Include in your discussion(a) how we determine what we ought to do, (b) how this theory differs fromKantian ethical theory, and (c) at least one significant difference betweenBentham’s and Mill’s views.

Back 37

(a) According to utilitarianism, we should follow the Principle of Utility: act so as to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

(b) Utilitarian theory focuses on the consequences of our actions. Kantian theory focuses on the principle behind the action [the “maxim” or principle implied by the action]. (c) Bentham believed that the Principle of Utility should be employed in a purely quantitative analysis, a “calculus of pleasure and pain” Mill introduces qualitative considerations into utilitarianism. He believed that some pleasures are preferable to others (even if the overall amount of pleasure is smaller).

Front 38

Friedrich Nietzsche is famous for saying that “God is dead.” Whatdid he mean by that? Did he think that the death of God was a good thing,a bad thing, or a little of both? Why?

Back 38

Nietzsche didn’t mean that God was once alive and then died. Rather, he meant that belief in God has drastically declined to the point that God no longer matters in Western culture.

Nietzsche thought that the “death” of God was both a good thing and a bad thing.

On the one hand, if there is no God, then we are free to chart our own course.

But on the other hand, when people become fully aware of the implications of the death of God, traditional restraints on bad behavior will be undermined. He predicted that the world would enter a period of greater violence.

Front 39

According to Jean Paul Sartre, traditional metaphysics has assumed thatessence precedes existence. But for humans, he says, that is notcorrect. For us, “existence precedes essence.” Summarize Sartre’sargument for that claim. Include in your discussion (a) what it means foressence to precede existence, using an example, (b) why he thinks that’s not thecase for humans, and (c) what it means for our existence to precede ouressence.pan>KH

Back 39

(a) To say that essence precedes existence means that the definition or design of something comes first, and the object/artifact flows from that design. For example, an artisan has the idea of a letter opener in mind before he or she begins to make one. What the final product will look like, the materials it will be made from and the properties it will have, etc., all flow from that idea.

(b) Sartre denied the existence of God, and hence the existence of “human nature.” If there is no God, there is no divine artisan to first conceive of our nature and then make us according to that idea.

(c) Consequently, we have no “definition” until we have lived our lives. We invent who we are by the choices we make in life. We exist, we choose, and only then do we have an essence. m