Philosophy Of Religion- Moritz

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Agnosticism

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Refers to those who claim there is insufficient evidence to decide the matter or that the probabilities for and against the proposition that God exists are roughly 50/50

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A priori

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A premise that is independent of expereience of the world

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A posteriori

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A premise that is known by means of experience of the world

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Anatta

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Buddhism, "no self", emptiness

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Anselm of Canterbury

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"Perfect Being Theology", ontological argument for the existence of God. God is defined as the greatest possible being, possible being possesses every perfect that would make a being great, existence is a perfection that would make a being great

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Thomas Aquinas

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One cannot directly group God's essence through reason alone

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Aristotle

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Philosopher, Argued that the universe is eternal

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Atheism

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stands for the view that no God or gods exist

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Atman

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Hinduism, an individual's soul or "self"

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Augustine of Hippo

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First to articulate a formal definition of "miracle", miracles understood primarily in terms of their impact on the observer

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Basic Belief

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a belief which is not based on other beliefs; for example, the belief that there are other minds besides one's own, 1+1 =2

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Block Universe

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Past and present exist, future doesnt

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Brahman

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Hinduism, Ultimate Reality

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Calvinism

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justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination

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Clifford, W.K.

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Ethics of belief, believing anything without "sufficient evidence" is immoral.

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Chessmaster analogy

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Science and Religion have had a long history of conflict or warfare. Invented by Enlightenment Rationalists

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Contingent

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In the contingent cause argument, there are certain events in the world that are contingent. The Universe is contingent int that could have been other than it is

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Counterfactual

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Relating to or expressing what has not happened or is not the case

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Cognitive Science of Religion

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Humans have natural propensities toward believing in some kind of God and in particular a super powerful, immortal God

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Cosmic Fine Tuning

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Our universe was designed in such a unique way that if you change any calculation of it our world falls apart

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Cosmological argument

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Since there is a cosmos which exists, rather than just nothing, it must have been caused by something beyond it.

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Craig, William Lane

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Kalam cosmological argument; endeavors to show that the universe is not eternal, but had a beginning

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Creatio ex nihilo

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out of nothing

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Cryptomnesia

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brain fabricates fake memories from forgotten source material and then represents them as genuine

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Charles Darwin

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Natural selection, evolutionary evil

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Richard Dawkins

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believed that the ultimate prupose of life was survival and reproduction

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Deism

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Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who doesn;t intervene in the universe

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Rene Descarted

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Philosophical method based on doubt

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Determinism

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The doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will

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Divine Attributes

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Omnipotence, goodness, providence, eternity, omniscience

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Deductive Reasoning

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One that follows a correct logical form so that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true

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Dharma

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The teaching or religion of the Buddha

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Dualism

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That the mental and the physical are, in some sense, radically different kinds of things

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Dukha

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Suffering, pain, or unsatisfactoriness

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Epicurus

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Ancient Greek philosopher. The logical problem of evil, God is not omnipotent and is malevolent

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Epistemology

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The study of knowledge and justified belief; how do we know what we know something is true or false

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Eternalism

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Everything that ever did exist or ever will exist does exist.

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Evidential Problem of Evil

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The problem of determining whether and, if so, to what extent the existence of evil

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Evolutionary Convergence

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The process where by organisms not closely related, evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches

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Evolutionary Evil

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In evolution species develop adaptive strategies that tend to accompanied by pain. Darwinian evolution emphasizes the central role of death, extinction, pain and competition

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Existentialism

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A philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agaent determining their own development through acts of the will

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Fideism

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Religious Faith is irrational and it is okay to have religious faith regardless

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Free Will Defense and Theodicy

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God takes a true risk in creating morally free creatures. God cannot cause or determine the actions of morally free creatures

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Freud's view of Religion

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Religion is comprable to a childhood neurosis; wishful projection of the Father image onto the empty heavens; illusion would evaporate when people become autonomous

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Galileo

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A popular theory of galileo being persecuted used for the conflict thesis. Galileo was not burned at the stake, was not persecuted for his science, and was not tortured by the Church

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Gaunilo of Marmoutiers

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Ontological Argument for the existence of God, "The Greatest Possible Island"

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Gottfried Leibniz

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Sufficient reason argument; " No fact can be real or existing and no statement true withouit sufficient reasons

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Gratuitious Evil

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Unmerited suffering and pain which seem to be random and meaningless

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Hilbert's Hotel

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Shows that an actual infinite cannot exist in a spatiotemporal world; supports the Kalam Cosmological argument

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Horrendous Evil

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Causes one to question life's goodness or worth

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David Hume

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Viewed that miracles transfress natural law; faith is opposed to Reason

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Incompatibilist Freedom

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A deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will

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Karma

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A spiritual force generated by good and bad actions done in this and the past life

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Kalam Cosmological Argument

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Universe has an finite past

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Kant Immanuel

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Existence is not a predicate or property

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Soren Koerkegaard

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viewed faith as independent of, or beyond reason. Religious faith is like a passionate love affair, not calculating, but spontaneous, risky, and deaply fulfilling

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Logical Problem of Evil

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How to reconcile the existence of evil with an omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent God

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Libertarian Free Will

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One;s actions are not determined by anything prior to a decision, including one's character and values, and one's feelings and desires

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Materlist Monism

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Explanation of the physical world by saying that all of the world's objects are composed of a single element

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Marx's view on Religion

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An illusion stemming from the misplaced longings of an alienated people

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Mataphysical Naturalism

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Claims that only physical entities exist and transphysical factors cannot exists

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Methodological Naturalism

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Assume no supernatural causes interfere with the normal course of nature

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Miracles of Timing

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Improbable, but no laws of nature are broken. Miracles not physically improbable but statistically impossible

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Modalism

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confounding or confusing the three persons

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Moksha

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Hinduism, enlightened realization that reality is one after escaping maya, the illusion of difference

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Moral Evil

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Intentional evil caused by human action

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Multiverse

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An infinite realm of being or potential being of which the universe is regarded as a part or instance

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Natural Evil

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Unintentional evil caused by human nature

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Natural Theology

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Theology or knowledge of God based on observed facts and experience apart from divine revelation

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Natural Law Theodicy

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Freedom, morality, rationality, love necessarily require a significant awareness of the consequences or results of one;s actions

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Nirvana

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extinguishes ego and end of all desire

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Noetic

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Mental activity or intellect

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NOMA

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that places religion and science in seperate domains of questioning

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Noseeum Arguments Occasionalism

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If one cant see any good reasons, then they probably are not there

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Ontology

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The study of nature, characterisitics and definition of something that exists

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Ontological argument

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The argument that God, being defined as most great or perfect, must exist, since a God who exists is greater than a GOd who does not

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Open Theism

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God lacks knowledge of certain future events

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William Paley

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Natural Theology; Should infera grand designer of the works of nature

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Pascal's Wager

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It posits that humans all betwith their lives either that God exists or that he does not

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Paradigm

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Set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate contributions to a field

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Plantinga Alvin

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Itis logically possible that free nonhumans are resonible for natural evil

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Natural evil

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Unintentional evil

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Karl Popper

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Science involves formulating novel hypotheses and then trying to falsify them. Data does not lead directly to theory

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Pracitcal rationality

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Aims at procuring reasons that will guide our actions

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Presentism

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only present objects and events objectively exists

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Perfect Being Theology

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Something is God only if it has the greatest possible array of great making properties.

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Process Theism

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God is not all powerful or all knowing

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Quantum Inderterminism

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certain pairs of quantities can never be measured simultaneously with beyond a certain degree of precision. Impossible to determine the present state of the world with perfect precision

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Realism, scientific

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A way to relate science and religion. science tells us what is really going on in nature

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Reincarnation

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rebirth of a new soul

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Reliabilism

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Knowledge or justification by which person A explains the truth - process

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Religion

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A set of symbolic forms and acts that relate to human beings to the ultimate conditions of their existence

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Religious Exclusivism

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only one world religion is correct and all others are mistaken

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Religious pluralism

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All word religions are correct; each offers a different path and partial perspective, Ultimate Reality

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Reductio ad absurdum

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This type of argument begins with a premise that is contradictory to what one desires to prove and then demonstrates that the contradiction of this supposition must be true

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Reductionism

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The whole is nothing but the sum of its parts. Everything is ultimately just a bunch of atoms

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Samsara

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Process of reincarnation. One escapes the cycle of rebirth and experiences nirvana

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Scientism

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The belief that science alone can solve all problems and answers. Science has no limits and science alone can bring us truth in all areas

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Sunyata

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emptiness; voidness

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Soul making theodicy

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John Hick; God created humans as "good" but not perfect because moral maturity requires experiencing trials and hardships in life

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Swinburne, Richard

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The common experience of mystics is strong justification for the existence of an Ultimate Reality

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Teleology

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Explanation by reference to some purpose, end, goal, or function

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Teological argument

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Beings with an observation that things in the world have order and intelligible purpose. Concludes that there must be a supreme designer

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Theodicy

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3 responses to the problem of evil

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Theoretical Rationality

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aims at procuring true or well-justified beliefs

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Timelessness

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God has neither temporal extension nor temporal location. God is atemporal, God does not foreknow events, God knows all events timelessly

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Thomas Tracy

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The world God made includes greater goods the could not be realized without the creation of a lwaful natural order that generates suffering as an unavoidable byproduct

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X-Clib

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Victorian agnostics brought together by Thomas Henry Huxley and united by a "devotion to science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas" who sought "to rid natural science of women, amateurs, and clergy