Philosophy Of Human Ferson

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heart of all Philosophicaldiscussion

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Man

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among the most important topics discussed in Philosophy.

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Nature, Purpose, and Ultimate Destiny

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has given rise to various views regarding our role in this world and how various aspects of existence define us as a person.

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study of the Philosophy of the Human Person

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are useful guides in navigating human experience and making sense of the challenges

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Ideas, Views, Insights

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were launched on missions to explore the farthest reaches of our solar system

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Voyager spacecraft (in 1977)

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By now, both spacecraft have reached the borders of our solar and are poised to exit into interstellar space

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slayyy

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a compilation of recordings which were intended as messages to possible intelligent life forms in the cosmos.

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Golden Record

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important subject in Philosophy?

is the foremost goal of the discipline?

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Man, understanding of thenature and condition of man

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general term which is commonly used to refer to the entire human race. Other related terms include HUMANITY, MANKIND, AND HUMANKIND

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the word "man"

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refers to a man as a species –

HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS or Modern Human Beings

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the word "human"

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is a much more complex term which generally refers to a human being granted recognition of rights, protection, and responsibilities

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Person

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Different Perspectives of Man

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1. Biological

2. Psychological

3. Economic

4. Theological

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A.1 Biological Perspective

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• Part of the natural world and a product of evolution

• Successfully adapted as a species (Modern Humans)

• Shares primal instincts with other animals

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considered one of the mostsuccessfully adapted species on the planet

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Modern humans (home sapiens sapiens)

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closely related to primate, specially apes, but have more developed physical features such as: BIPEDALISM, highly develop hands, smaller jaws and teeth, larger, more developed brains.

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Modern Humans

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share primal instinct with other animals such as:

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survival andreproduction.

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Developed additional traits and capabilities

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(a) planning and intentional actions, (b) innovation and creativity,

(c) has communication,

(d) has technology,

(e) has symbolic interaction thru arts and religion

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considered man’s most significant achievement.

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culture

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A.2 Psychological Perspective

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• Has mental faculties

• Possesses a psyche, rationality, intelligence

• Capable of introspection

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places emphasis on the human behavior and thought processes inanalyzing human nature. Man possesses MENTAL FACULTIES that enable him to POSSESS AWARENESS, a sense of self, and the capacity to perceive and experience.

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Psychological Perspective

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The significant mental faculties and capabilities of man include

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1. Psyche

2. Rationality

3. Intelligence

4. Introspection

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refers to human mind and is divided into the conscious and unconscious mind.

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Psyche

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2 Division of Psyche

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Conscious and Unconscious

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governs awareness

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Conscious mind

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consists of latent or repressed emotions, thoughts and desires

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Unconscious mind

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ability to understand experiences in order TO SOLVE PROBLEMS, do tasks, and engage in decision making and judgment. (state of being rational)

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Rationality

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ability to perceive information, store knowledge and apply it in various situation.

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Intelligence

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ability to examine one’s own conscious thoughts, feelings, and mental state, and the capacity for self-reflection.

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Introspection

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A.3 Economic Perspective

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• Man engages inproductive activities

• homo economicus• Influenced by economic forces

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Man has the ability to engage in productive activities

- emerged in the 19th century

- This perspective considers man as a PRODUCTIVE BEING;

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Economic Perspective

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primary role of man

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to produce and engage in labor

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considered a great influence on the actions of man than society or culture

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economic forces

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the factors that help to determine the success or failure in production such as INFLATION, INTERESTS RATES, STOCK MARKET PERFORMANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT, CHANGES IN POPULATION, or FISCAL POLICY.

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economic forces

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A.4 Theological Perspective

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• Man is God’s creation

• Man’s destiny is a part of the divine plan

• Has a special relationship with the Creator

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ultimate destiny is part of a divine plan. And that destiny is _____

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to be one with the Creator.

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refers to the individual, and all attributes and characteristics that set him or her from other human beings.

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human person

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Significant concepts which relate to the concept of the human person are the

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self, identity, personhood

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Philosophers also ponder upon the concept of the human person and what makes him or her a _____

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distinct entity

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part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. It is not part of the body and does not exist at birth.

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self

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the ability to feel and experience. Often seen as the ability to perceive the surroundings and react to stimulus such as pain

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Sentience

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Various views address the issues regarding the self and have proposed certain views as to its nature:

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• The self as innate

• The self as emergent

• The self as integrated and developing

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it holds that self is an essential part of the human being and selfawareness is natural and innate.

- RELIGIOUS VIEWS consider the concept of self as synonymous to the spirit or soul

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the self as innate

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holds that awareness of the self is gained through interactions with the world and other human beings.

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The self as emergent

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holds that the self is composed of varied elements that change over time.

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The self as integrated and developing

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closely tied with ideas of identity and personhood

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self

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COMPOSED of a person’s unique physical characteristics, mental attributes, experiences, memories, ideas, and views. Identity is said to persist through time, though aspects of it may change

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personal identity

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recognition of a human being as a distinct entity – a person. Philosophical discussion on the person has led to varied notions which justify the recognition of personhood.

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personhood

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holds that a Human Being is a PERSON if he/she possesses the ABILITY TODETERMINE HIS OR HER LIFE through "reasoned free choice"

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The Person as an ”autonomous being

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- It asserts that the human being has the inherent capacity to function as aperson.

- It emphasizes the potential of the human being and recognizes that each human possesses the means to achieve his/her capabilities.

- With this perspective, the disabled people, the unborn fetus, infants, and children are recognized as persons although they may not fully possess the cognitive faculties of an adult.

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The Person as a ”unified individual"

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Differences in the perspective of man

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The biological perspective sees humans as a part of the natural world and a product of evolution. On the other hand, the psychological view emphasizes man’s rationality, intelligence, and capacity for reflection. Economics considers man a productive being engaged in labor and enterprise to meet his or her wants and needs. The theological view regards humans as God’s creation and his or her existence as part of the divine plan.

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one of the most unique traits of humans.

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Awareness of self

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Who is the author of The Social Self

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George Herbert Mead

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part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.

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self

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not part of the body and does not exist at birth

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self

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exchange of symbol

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social experience

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Self have 2 parts

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I (subject) - active side

Me (object)

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have no self, take the role of the other initiation without understanding the underlying intentions.

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infant

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as they learn to use language and other symbols, the self emerges through playing the roles of

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significant others

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children move from ________, simple play to games,

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initiation

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refer to widespread cultural norms and values we use as references in evaluating ourselves.

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generalized other

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Mead concluded, ______ play a key role in their own socialization

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people

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Charles Horton Cooley Theory

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The Looking Glass Slef

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- a development of the self through the use of language.- an individual acquires a social self when he/she has already developed the ability to take and hold of the attitudes and roles of others and see how others see him/her.

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Looking Glass Self

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refers to the self-image based on how people think others see them.

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The Looking Glass

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more or less enduring organization of forces within the individual, associated with complex of fairly consistent attitudes, values, and modes of perception which account, in part, for the individual’s consistency of behavior.

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Barnow

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the way by which the individual is interrelated through ideas, actions, and attitudes to the many nonhuman aspects of his or her environment and biological heritage.

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Dewey and Humber

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(Santos)

product of socialization and arises as a result of the interplay of various factors

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personality

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nature:

nurture:

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heredity

environment

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(Maciones)

- the person’s fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling.- a sum total of a person’s characteristic traits

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Personality

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Determinant of Personality Formation

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1. Biological Inheritance

2. Geographic Environment

3. Cultural Environment

4. Social Environment

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Theory of Sigmund Freud

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Theory of Socialization (Psychoanalytic Theory)

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a process characterized by internal struggle between the biological component and social-cultural environmen

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socialization

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3 components of personality

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• Id

• Ego

• Superego

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Biological component which is the source of drives and urges.

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Id (pleasure principle)

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Mediator between the needs and the world of reality and strives to delay tension until the suitable environment exist.

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Ego (cognitive and intellectual processes)

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It represents traditional rules, values, and ideals of society.

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Superego (moral arm)

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The first five years of the child’s development plays a decisive role in personality development because the basic personality structure here is formed which shows the unfolding of the _____

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sex instinct

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Stages of Development

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Oral (birth - 1)

Anal (1-3)

Phallic (3-6)

Latency (6 - Adolescence)

Genital (Adolescence - Beyond)

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Oral (mouth)

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- Eating is the major source of satisfaction.- Frustration or overindulgence can lead to overeating or alcoholism in adulthood

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Anal (anus)

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- Toilet training is the influencing factor.- Fixation are personalities who are grasping and stingy. - Conflicts with parents may arise

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Phallic (genitals)

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- Observation of sex differences and directing their awakening sexual impulses toward opposite sex

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boys desire their mothers

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Oedipus complex

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girls desire their fathers

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Electra complex

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Turns attention to people outside their families like teachers and friends, and the erotic impulse are dormant.

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Latency

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The sexual impulses become active again and the individual focuses on the opposite sex, looks around for a potential marriage partner, and prepares for marriage and adult responsibilities.

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Genital

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3 Levels of Mental Life

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• Preconscious

• Conscious

• Subconscious

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events not associated with anxiety but are merely forgotten

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Preconscious

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aware at any given time

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Conscious

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repressed events that creates high level of anxiety.

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Subconscious

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Cultural environment is the main factor that determines human behavior.

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Cultural Determinism

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a result of learning what is found in the culture and that significant differences in personality are learned.

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Personality Development

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individual personalities of members of a society are tiny replicas of their overall culture, with the culture as summing up of their personalities.

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According to Ruth Benedict

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- Personality is a result of the interaction between individuals mediated by symbols or, in particular, language.- The distinctive attributes of human behavior grow from people’s participation in varying types of social structure which depend on the existence of language behavior.

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Symbolic Interactionism

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how an infant develops into a functioning social being and emerges with a personality.

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Socialization

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- the culture’s symbols and ways of classifying experiences are taught to children through the medium of languages so they begin to interact with others and share in the culture’s common stock of symbols, norms, and values.- it is a lifelong process.

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socialization

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Types of Socialization

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1. Deliberate/conscious

2. Non-deliberate/unplanned

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when the norms and values are taught as in the house or other agencies of socialization.

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deliberate

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when the individuals learn the values and norms by themselves from observations in the various groups they contact with.

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non-deliberate

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Agencies of Socialization

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1. The Family2. The Peer Group3. The Church4. The School5. Mass Media6. The Workplace

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respond to categories or social statuses which to identify himself/herself

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self

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refers to the position an individual occupies in society and implies an array of rights and duties

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Social Status

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Types of Status

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• Ascribed

• Achieved

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which involves the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or more persons occupying other statuses.Implied in the role is the execution of the rights and duties.

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Social Role

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These are essentials for role playing:

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1. A definition of the role and an identification of self;2. Behavior in a given situations appropriate to the role;3. A background of related acts by others (counter roles) which serve as cues to guide specific performance; and4. An evaluation by the individual and by others of the performance of the role.

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the acting in accordance with the expected norms attached to a particular position.

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Role (Erving Goffman)

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actual conduct of the role in accordance with the position.

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Role Performance

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Our presentation of self to others involves impression management:

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- manipulation of scenery- communicative devices- external props- costumes

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person is socialized according to _____ scripts related to the institutionalized statuses of males and females.

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sex role

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refers to the biological or anatomical differences between males and females

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Sex

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connotes psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.

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Gender

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Opinions vary on whether the difference between males and females are biologically based or whether they are the result of _______

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social learning

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contribute to the differences between males and females

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Biological factors

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But the ways the members in a society behave are ______

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culturally defined

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are a function of the cultural patterns which prescribed differential expectations and norms for males and females.

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Sex differences

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Socialization

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from birth --- ascriptions and corresponding norms --- learned by a child

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______ alter sex roles

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Urbanization and industrialization

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the capacity for reflection

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reason

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Diagram of self

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