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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Uranus
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Sky god (father sky);
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Hades
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Son of Cronus and Rhea; god of underworld;
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Zeus
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Son of Cronus and Rhea; god of sky and thunder; king of gods; ruler of Mt. Olympus; saved Rhea from being eaten by Cronus; suckled and raised on Crete by the divine goat Amaltheia; led revolt against Cronus and overthrew the titans
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Chaos
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First of the primordial; literally means “gap”; represents misty air between earth and heavens; chaotic mix of elements in primeval universe
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Gaia
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Earth goddess (mother earth); union with Uranus
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Achilles
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dips him in river Styx and holds him by his heel which is his only vulnerable spot; reluctant Trojan war hero
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Athena
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Mother: Metis; born from head of Zeus: Zeus feared his child would be stronger than him so he swallowed pregnant Metis, inside Metis makes a robe and helmet for Athena, the poinding of the helment makes Zeus cry out in agony so Hephaestus splits open Zeus’ skull and Athena emerges fully grown with helmet and robe; goddess of wisdom (also war, arts, industry, justice, and skill), patroness of city of Athens
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Herakles
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Son of Zeus and Alcmene; noted for his strength; hated by Hera for Zeus’ infidelity;
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Homer
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Author of the Iliad and Odyssey
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Odysseus
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Epic hero in the Iliad; husband of Penelope; father of Telemachus; son of Laertes and Anticlea; general for the Greek war during the Trojan war
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Mythology
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Folklore traditions and beliefs of a people to explain what a mystery is
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Logos
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Derived from the word “to speak”; words, message, thought; there is a logos in which all things come into being; the thought that steers all things; principle governing the cosmos; can be like a riddle; human reasoning about the cosmos
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Philosophy
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Literally: love of wisdom; the investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality; knowledge or values based on logical reasoning
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Metaphysics
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Branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value; asks the question “what is there?"
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Monism
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The view in metaphysics that reality is a unified whole and all existing things can be ascribed to or described by a single concept or system; doctrine that mind and are formed from or The view in metaphysics that reality is a unified whole and all existing things can be ascribed to or described by a single concept or system; doctrine that mind and are formed from or reducible to the same ultimate substance or principle of being
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Dualism
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The view that the world consists of or is explicable as two fundamental entities, such as mind and matter
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Cosmology
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Branch of philosophy that studies the physical universe considered as a totality of phenomena in time and space
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Ontology
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Branch of philosophy that studies the nature of being; studies what exists; asks “is there a god?” “do universals exist?”
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Epistemology
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Branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge; an inquiry into what can be known and how we know it; asks “what is the mark of genuine knowledge and how does it differ from mirror belief?” “is there a reliable way to acquire knowledge of the truth to eliminate false beliefs?” “what is truth?”
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Aesthetics
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Branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and expression of beauty; asks the questions “is there such thing as objective beauty?”
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Sophism
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A plausible lapse argument; a deceptive false argument
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Skepticism
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A doubting or questioning attitude or state of mind
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Cosmogony
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theory of the origin of the universe,
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Ethics
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Branch of philosophy that studies moral theory; asks the question “how does one live best?”
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Thales
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First known philosopher; first of Milesian school of philosophy; focused on the material of the universe; to explain: look to this world not outside of it; philosophy was monist: all comprised of one element- water (because it can take different forms and everything needs water to live); believed earth was a disk that floated on the infinite ocean
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Pythagoras
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Thought to have invented the word philosophy; Pythagorean theorem; everything can be expressed in terms of math; belived sun, moon, and stars made noise as the whirl producing a cosmic harmony (music of spheres); believed soul is a distinct immortal entity “embodied” for a while in the body: migrates after death into other bodies or animals (that’s why they were vegetarians); saw math as a means to purify the soul (it was the work of gods)
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Protagoras
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1st to call himself a Sophist; chief works: Truth, On the gods; charged with impiety, fled into exile, drowned on the way to Sicily; believed nothing is absolutely good or evil/true or false; each individual is his or her own final authority; “man is the measure of all things”
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The Academy
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Founded by Plato; first European university
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Socrates
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Center of philosophy is dialectic; method of seeking truth through question and answer; questioned everything including the gods and the state; accused of impiety and corrupting the youth; sentenced to death; believed that there could be a purely objective understanding of justice, love, virtue, and self knowledge; first to teach on priority of personal integrity: if your soul remains untouched your misfortunes are fleeting; better to suffer injustice than to commit injustice
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Plato
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Favored pupil of Socrates; writings include The Apology, The Republic, The Symposium; knowledge is attainable; knowledge at best is a degree of probability- not certain; work based off his theory of forms and ideas
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Socratic Method
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Plato called it the dialect; a cooperative enterprise which assists the others by raising objections to what the others say; better at showing ones errors than arriving at the truth
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Syllogism
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An Aristotelian style of argument; has three statements: subject, predicate, middle; at least one premise must be universal; at least one premise must be affirmative; if either premise negative then conclusion must be negative
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Theory of Forms and Ideas
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Reality is divided into two forms: visible world in which nothing lasts and nothing stays the same and another realm not in space and time and not accessible to our senses were there is permanence
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The lyceum
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Aristotle’s school
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Doctrine of the Golden Mean
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A desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. For example, in the Aristotelian view, courage, a virtue, if taken to excess would manifest as recklessness and if deficient as cowardice.
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The Apology
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Socrates speech at his trial written by Plato
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Material Cause
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The matter or substance that constitutes a thing; the stone the sculpture is made of
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Formal Cause
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Account or plan of what this is to be; the shape of the statue the sculptor imagines
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Efficent Cause
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The agency or force immediately responsible for bringing this matter and form together; the art of sculpting and the sculptor himself
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Final Cause
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The end or purpose for which a thing exists; the statue of the god in a temple used as an object of devotion
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Constantine
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Outlaws the persecution of Christians; restores their property; legalizes Christianity with the Edict of Milan; built the 1st St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
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Arianism
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In asserting that Christ the son as a created thing, was to be worshipped, the Arians were advocating idolatry; Jesus is not of the same essence as the father; Jesus is not equal to the father; Jesus was created by the father; greatest of the early heresies
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Nicea
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Convened by Constantine; around 318 bishops attended; condemns Arianism; produces the Nicene Creed
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Augustine of Hippo
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how to deal with the issue of how to make sense of and live within a world that is so adversarial and fraught with danger and in which so much of what matters most to us is so easily lost;
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Manichaeism
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Blend of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Gnostic religions, Babylonian folklore, Buddhist ethics
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Pelagianism
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Salvation can be won by good works; denied original sin and grace
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Avicenna
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Canon of Medicine: definite encyclopedia of Greek and Roman medical achievements; Encyclopedia of Philosophy: did summaries of Aristotle’s teachings, God is the necessary existent; things exist but something has to cause their being
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Thomas Aquinas
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Joins Dominicans; studies Aristotle; all rational knowledge is achieved through sensory experience; tabula rasa: nothing in the intellect that did not come through the senses; what we sense is God’s creation therefore there can be no conflict between knowledge and religious revelation; theology and philosophy were completely distinct and separate academic disciplines
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Averroes
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The Commentator; translated and explained the works of Aristotle; operates on the principle that the Quran commanded the study of philosophy; argument for proving God exists: 1st is providence in which one can observe that everything in the universe serves the purpose of humanity, universe is conditioned to humans because it is so finely tuned there must be a fine tuner (God), 2nd is invention stemming from the observation that everything in the world appears to have been invented, everything as a construct that has been designed, therefore there must be a designer (God)
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Joannes Gutenberg
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Worked on and created the moveable type printing press; made the printed word more accessible for religious and secular texts; gave rise to the renaissance and reformation
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Thomas More
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Wrote "Utopia"; invented the word; lighthearted satire of political and social ills; imprisoned and executed for not acknowledging Henry's 2nd marriage; matter of conscience
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Erasmus of Rotterdam
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Prince of Humanists Illegitimate son of priest; priest himself; most important influence was being an editor; edited Mores's "Utopia"; devoured ancient literature and texts; believed everything depended on a better knowledge of scripture; wrote "In praise of folly": biting satire of all classes; nailed church authorities for taking pride of place; wanted to regenerate humankind by purifying religion and baptizing culture; wanted to base a political system on the gospel; hated the violence of Christian against Christian: especially Julius II
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Thomas Hobbes
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"materialist" matter is all there is
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Niccolo Machiavelli
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1st political philosopher who applied scientific method to study politics and government as these are actually practiced; wrote "the prince"; described the cutthroat politics of his time: central role of force or threat of force, importance of appearance and image making, when to keep or break your word, which plots will succeed or fail; most misread: thought he advocated this behavior
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The Inquisition
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Group of institutions within the judicial system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy
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Copernicus
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Many mathematicians they argued for earth to be center; if heliocentric most problems solved and order of planets solved; torrent of criticism if true: perfection of Aristotelian, natural philosophy destroyed, church was erroneous; man is no longer center of creation
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Newton
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Analyzed the properties of light; invented calculus; formulated the concept and laws concerning gravity; formulated the three laws of motion: 1st law- every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless a external force is applied to it, 2nd law- acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass, the greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object) F=ma, 3rd law- for every action there is an equal and opposite re-action
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Galileo
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Developed concept of gravity and how it is universal for all objects in free fall; objects move in straight line; trajectories move in a parabola Invented thermometer; proposed pendulum clock; earth rotates on its axis; earth revolves elliptically around the sun; improved the telescope; eventually got it 20x stronger; moon not smooth; spots on the sun; destroys Aristotle’s perfection of nature; defense of Copernicus astronomy gets him in trouble; Kepler and Copernicus censured by inquisition
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Idols of the tribe
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People have a tendency to put things into human sense or emotion terms; things cannot be directly sensed; senses can deceive; use instruments in investigations to correct the senses; emotion hinders the way data is interpreted
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Idols of the cave
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Through nature and nurture humans have a pre conceived notion of how things should be; prevents from seeing how they are; when evidence is contrary they have a tendency to ignore it or force it into preconceived notion
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Idols of the Market Place
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People exchange ideas through language; language is too imprecise to describe nature; subjective understandings are often very far apart
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Idols of the Theater
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These derive mainly from grand schemes or systems of philosophy: sophistical philosophy- constructed mainly out of abstract argument and speculation with no experimental evidence at all, empirical philosophy- based on a single insight then made into a model, superstitious philosophy- any system of thought that mixes theology and philosophy
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Rene Descartes
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French; idly traveled as a soldier: no fighting, joined the army to see the world; settled in Holland (most freethinking country); obsessed by the question of whether there was anything we could know for certain; concepts developed in his work; paved the way for analytic geometry
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Cartesian dualism
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Mind and matter are two separate elements; the brain is a part of the body but the mind is not; the mind is conscious and self aware, the brain is the seat of intelligence; the mind interacts with the body through the brain; matter follows its own laws except when interfered with by mind
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Meditations
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Develops his metaphysical doctrine; his conclusions are controversial
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Benedict Spinoza
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Amsterdam; Jewish; deeply spiritual; expelled from synagogue for: denying the immortality of the soul, denying that God is providential, saying Torah was not given by God nor binding on Jews; accepted Descartes philosophy but problems: mind body dualism; if separate how can mind move matter
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Gottfried Lebniz
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German; mathematician; invented Leibniz wheel; noted for optimism: universe is best possible one God could have created
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Analytic statements
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Logical math; breaking down- true by virtue in meaning
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Synthetic Statements
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Empirical world; part to whole- true by how they relate to world
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Pantheism
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Universe is identical with divinity; all is God, God is identical with universe
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John Locke
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Associated with parliamentarians during civil war; fled to Holland; mind was blank slate (tabula rasa); contrary to dualism: we are born without innate ideas; knowledge determined only by experience and sense perception
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George Berkley
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wrote treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. - cant be certain material world exists Ideas against abstract ideas; sought to prove that the outside world was also composed solely of ideas; the mental ideas that we possessed could only resemble other ideas (not physical objects) and thus the external world consisted not of physical form, but rather of ideas
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David Hume
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Philosopher; historian; desire (rather than reason) governed human behavior; only knowledge of things you directly experienced
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Edmund Burke
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Irish; protestant; trinity college; lawyer; supported of the American Revolutionaries; opposed the French Revolution
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