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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mind-body problem that is dealt with in philosophy of mind? |
how minds relate to bodies. how mental states are related to bodily states |
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in what two categories do most solutions to the mind-body problem fall? |
idealism and materialism |
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how does idealism explain the appearance of physical or material reality? What role does the mind play in this? |
things that appear physical or material are simply just constructions in our minds |
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what does the materialist solution believe about mental phenomena? |
there is no such thing as mental phenomena |
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what does Thomas Nagel think is lacking in functionalist accounts of consciousness? |
there is no first person perspective |
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define natural theology |
any sort of theological insight that human reason can derive from reflection on the natural order |
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what things are included within the scope of natural theology? |
God's existence, understanding God through nature, creator of creatures, divine providence (especially over evil) |
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in natural theology God is treated only as the ___________ ____________. |
first cause |
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what is the basic difference between natural and supernatural theology? |
their source |
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T/F Natural Theology is a prerequisite to faith/belief. |
false |
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in what sense is metaphysics called a "divine science" or "natural theology"? |
it demonstrates the existence and nature of the first complete principle |
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T/F God is the proper object of metaphysics. |
false |
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Ontological |
a priori, God exists because existence is required in the concept of God |
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Cosmological |
a posteriori, God exists as the first cause of the universe |
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Telelogical |
the design and complexity that says someone gave them purpose |
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against what did William of Ockham warn in his famous Razor principle? |
multiple entities |
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what is Aristotle's prime/unmoved mover intended to explain? What does Aristotle aim to avoid with this explanation? |
there must be an unmoved mover, avoiding infinite regress |
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what are the two kinds of existence according to Anselm? How do they prove God's existence? |
Things that exist in my imagination/mind & things that exist in reality. Real existence is better. God's perfection cannot exist in my imperfect mind. |
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Was Thomas Aquinas primarily a theologian or philosopher? |
theologian |
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How does Thomas understand the two-fold mode/path to truth? Are these strictly equivalent? Do they ever contradict? |
Truths about God exceed human reason and truths that are unreachable by natural reason. They never contradict. |
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what is the deepest form of actuality according to Thomas? |
the act of existing |
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Each of Thomas' five ways for proving God's existence is a form of what sort of argument? |
a posteriori |
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based on his argument that God is the cause of all being, what does Thomas conclude about the being of God? |
God is simple and not composed of parts |
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Pascal's 'Wager' is an argument for _____________. |
God's existence |
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T/F Pascal's 'Wager' seeks to demonstrate that belief in God promises the highest probability of a desired outcome. |
true |
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What are the three components of the classical "Problem of evil"? |
God is all powerful, God is all good, Evil exists |
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What is the boldest and most radical response to the Problem of Evil? |
God does not exist |
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What are the two kinds of evil identified in the lecture notes? |
moral and natural |
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why is it inappropriate to view the battle between good and evil as the source of evil? |
it is outside God's control |
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what basic claim about the role of evil is made by the greater good/soul making defense of God? |
some evil is necessary for some greater goods to come about |
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What is the basic argument of the free will defense? |
it's better to live in a world with free will with the risk of evil than to live in a world without free will |
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What is the basic thesis of determinism? |
everything happens for a reason |
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State the formula often used to distill the belief of determinism. |
same past, same future |
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Know the syllogistic form of the argument for determinism. |
1. all events are caused 2. causes are dependent on the past 3. the past is fixed 4. all events in the future is fixed based on the past |
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what did Henry d'Holbach believe about brain states? |
the thought of every brain follows necessarily from the brain states |
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what did Laplace propose a genius could do with the knowledge of a complete description of the universe at a particular moment? |
he would be able to predict the future and postdict the past perfectly |
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What is meant by the maxim "same past, same future"? |
if two roads of events are identical they will have identical end results |
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what is one implication of BF Skinner's "Hard determinism" ? |
it eradicates all moral responsibility |
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T/F Freud believed that our experiences before the age of 5 determined us for the rest of our lives. |
true |
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What are the basic claims of compatibilism? |
some events are caused by me sometimes things outside my control constrain me causal force is supplied by me |
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Quote from Arthur Schopenhauer, "Man can _____ _____ ____ _____, but he cannot _______ _______ _______ _______. |
Man can do what he wills but he cannot will what he wills |
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What is the meaning of Schopenhauer's statement? |
he can choose from his motives, but his motives are already determined |
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What are some possible objection to the compatibilist definition of freedom as the coincidence of will and ability? |
the person's desires should be under his control but this control does not makes sense with determinism |
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what is the basic thrust of the compatibilist "Frankfurt-type examples"? |
freedom and responsibility can be maintained even if genuine alternatives don't exist |
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how have recent indeterminate/libertarians used Werner Heisenberg's principle of uncertainty to argue a scientific basis for freedom? |
determinism is false and freedom does exist |
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How have critics responded to the libertarian agreement from the principle of uncertainty? |
uncaused subatomic events can hardly be called free |
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Define "origination" according to the libertarians. |
the creation of new causal chains by free human choices |
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incompatibilism holds that ________________ and ___________ cannot both be true. |
determinism and freedom |
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What are the basic claims of the historical "concurrentist" understanding of divine determinism and human free will? |
In every act of human free will, God determines the outcome. |
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What is the overarching question in aesthetics? |
is aesthetic value really in the object that it is attributed to |
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For Nietzsche, all language is _________. |
lying |
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What is the problem of slave morality according to Nietzsche? |
There is resentment between the church and those who serve Dyonsus |
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According to Nietzsche, in Thus Spake Zarathustra, what will the coming of the Superman accomplish? |
he will do away with slave morality of the judeo-christian tradition and install an ethic of might and power |
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If post modernism is a rejection of all meta-narratives, then what is proposed to take the place of the meta-narrative? |
mini-narratives |
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What role did Soren Kierkgaard allow for reason? |
no positive role for reason |
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who asked, "what indeed hath Athens to do with Jerusalem? What concord is there between academy and church? |
Tertullian |
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What forms of Christian rationalism did Cornelius Van Til oppose? |
those that attempt to ground God in reason rather than recognizing that reason is grounded in God. |
