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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inconsistent Tetrad |
1. Mind is nonmaterial 2. Body is material 3. Mind and body interact 4. Material and nonmaterial do not react |
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Dualism |
says 1 and 2 are true, either 3 or 4 |
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Reducible |
can be entirely explained in terms of another thing without loss of meaning |
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qualia |
experienced sensations such as pains, tickles, emotions - the sensation itself rather than the neurological cause of it |
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intentionality |
the feature by which our mental states are directed at, or about, or refer to, or are of objects and states of affairs in the world other than ourselves (ex. intentions, beliefs, desires, hopes, fears, love, hate) |
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Jackson's knowledge argument |
You can know all physical facts of something, but once you actually experience it, you gain additional facts; therefore some aspects of qualia are nonphysical |
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Substance Dualism |
believe first 3 of tetrad |
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interactionism |
says mind and body are mad up of different kinds of stuff and they interact |
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neurological dependency of the mental |
weakness of SD: according to SD, physical changes should not directly alter mental states but just indirectly through input. However, physical changes seemingly CAN change mental states (ex. being drunk)
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no sign of non-physical causation |
weakness of SD: if SD is true, the input-output circle of human behavior is not a closed loop. But body chemistry seems to suggest differently |
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Epiphenomenalism |
most common form of PD, suggests that the mind does exist, but that it does not interact with body. Mental states are simply side effects of brain states, play no causal role |
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Problem of other minds |
If dualism is true, we have no grounds for believing that other human beings have minds, though we assume they do |
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Materialism |
rejects number 1 of tetrad |
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behaviorism |
"mental states" are just shorthand ways of talking about actual and potential patterns of behavior |
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eliminative materialism |
we must disregard current language of mental states because this conception is a false and radically misleading conception of the causes of the human behavior and the nature of cognitive ability |
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Identity Theory |
Every mental state is identical to some physical (neurological) state - "I am sad" = neuron x fires |
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Leibniz's law |
there cannot be separate entities that have all the same properties |
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Leibniz's law objection |
objection to identity theory - Mind and brains have different properties, thus can't be identical |
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Material chauvinism objection |
Identity Theory implies that only human beings can have minds, and this is not obviously true |
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Functionalism |
Every mental state is the causal relations it bears to (1) environmental effects on the body, (2) other types of mental states, and (3) bodily behavior; MS=input+processing+output |
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Inverted qualia objection |
objection to functionalism: we may call different colors by the same name (same function, different qualia) |
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Absent qualia objection |
machines, "million-man machine" (same function, no qualia) |
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Hard Determinism |
1. To be free is to have the ability to do otherwise 2. We lack the ability to do otherwise 3. Therefore, we are not free |
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Compatibilism |
1. To be free is to have the ability to do what one wants 2. We have (at least sometimes) the ability to do what we want 3. Therefore, we are (at least sometimes) free |
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Indeterminism
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spontaneous events at quantum level, probabilistic (not deterministic) laws |
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Libertarianism |
1. To be free is to have the ability to do otherwise 2. We have (at least sometimes) the ability to do otherwise 3. Therefore, we are (at least sometimes) free |
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"ought implies can" |
according to compatibilism, people can be held responsible for something they could not have not done |
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Hypnosis counterexample |
objection to compatibilism: someone hypnotized is doing what they want to do but they are not really free |
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Metaphysical Freedom |
free = having the ability to do otherwise |
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Moral Freedom |
free = the ability to do what you want |
