Philosophy Exam 1

Front 1

Mill

Back 1

emphasis on the quality of actions: personal quality and self improvement is source of true freedom.

Higher and lower quality actions:

higher quality: a pleasure is of higher quality of a person would choose it over something else even if accompanied by discomfort

Front 2

Betham

Back 2

founded utilitarianism- most good for most people. Aimed at reducing suffering or negatives. It has an emphasis on hedonism (self indulgence)

Front 3

kant (rationalist)

Back 3

Puts emphasis on good will. Believed the world conforms to man's mind. Believed in categorical impurity: it is immoral to not follow guidelines set by everybody else (use reason to come up with morality). everybody should do the same thing

Front 4

Hume

Back 4

He believed man's mind conformed to the world. Morality consist of moral sentiment . Causality, scientific method, empiricist: all knowledge comes from what we see hear or taste

1) constant conjunction

2) temporal secrets /consciousness

3)habit of mind

reason is a slave to passions

Front 5

St thomas' (aristotle scholar) 5 proofs for existence of God.

Back 5

1. proof for motion (something is moved by something else; first move is made by god)

2. proof for efficient causation

3. proof for possible necessity (God is necessary being)

4. proof for perfection

5. order of nature (world is orderly because of god)

st thomas writes commentary on aristotle and christianity

Front 6

St. Augustine

Back 6

emphasis on will (making choices) and love. Felt that evil exist. That's why he couldn't become a Christian.

From a christian point of view God is creator and God created evil.

he later converted after he studied plato

Manichae- God of Good: Ahuranazda

God of Evil: Arrowman

Evil is an absence, evil is present in the absence of God

Heaven + Hell and Judgement Day - zoroastrian

Front 7

Aristotle

Back 7

virtue is the mean between the extremes

-emperialist (socrates and plato were rationalist (relied on reason)

Emperalist believe in sensory experiences

virtue ethics: improve character

phroenisis: make adjustments to fit character

eudamonia: state of being happy

Front 8

Plato

Back 8

idea of soul different from Socrates

-3 parts of soul:

-rational

-spiritual

-appetite

Plato tried to give a rational basis for the objectivity of values

Plato writes, Socrates doesn't write

Front 9

Socrates

Back 9

executed for being pious

-assumed that values are objective

-sophist( teacher)

-rational induction

-philosophy marketplace - people getting ahead of each other.

-the soul has knowledge, knows objective values, soul is in the body

Front 10

3 parts of ethical reasoning

Back 10

1. rule

2. case

3. result

Front 11

cultural relavitism

Back 11

values relative to a particular culture

-don't criticize another person's culture or your own culture

restrictions: its contradictory to criticize other cultures because there is no identifiable moral code. You must have good reason to make a certain claim.

Front 12

divine command theory

Back 12

1. Is it right or good because he says so?

2. Different religions

3. Religions are very general

religions are not specific enough about what you should and shouldn't do

Front 13

I It point of view

Back 13

relationship between you and the things that surround you (law of segregation)

segregation is immoral because it treats one group of people as objects/inferior and another group of people as objects because they don't interact

Front 14

I thou: Human relationships

Back 14

relationship between you and other people (interactions)

Front 15

4 kinds of laws

Back 15

1. statues (laws passed by legislature to the house to the senate then to governor or president

2. regulations (must have licensure to practice)

3. common laws (no legal jurisdiction. sentences made based on judicial precedents (prior cases)

4. constitutional laws (interpretation and implementation of the constitution

Front 16

normative

Back 16

what you OUGHT to do

Front 17

broad view of ethics

Back 17

concerned with behavior AND values

Front 18

narrow view of ethics

Back 18

concerned with behavior only. We cannot establish truth in ethics because people may have different ideas about what the truth is.