Philosophy

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Ontology

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The philosophical study of nature of being, existence, or reality in general

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Epistemology

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The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge

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Metaphysics

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investigates principles of reality transcending any particular science. Cosmology and Ontology are two main branches of metaphysics

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Cognitivistic

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morality is itself the goal of choice. Choose to make the right choice and for the purpose of morality itself. Using reason to evaluate morality

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Pedagogy

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the study of being a teacher, specifically the strategies of instruction

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Hedonism

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School of ethics which that pleasure has an ultimate importance and that humanities most importance is sensual self-indulgence

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Aesthetics

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the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values

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Teleology

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the philosophical study of design or purpose

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Utilitarian

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The idea that moral worth of an action is determined solely by its contribution to its overall utility

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Consequentialist

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someone who believes that the consequences for a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgement

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Beneficence

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The state of being kind or doing good

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Theology

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The study of god or religion

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Fallacy

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a misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning in argumentation

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Gorgias

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pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician,"The Nihilist", greek sophist

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Piety

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a virtue, religious devotion, or devotion to natural obligations

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Anthropology

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The study of human beings, everywhere and throughout time

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Anthropocentric

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the belief that human beings must be considered at the center of, and above all other aspects of, reality

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Rhetoric

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The art of using language to persuade

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Etymology

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the study of the history of words and how their meaning and form have changed over time

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Medieval

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the middle. The time between the enlightenment of the greeks and enlightenment of the renaissance

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Filial

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relationship from child to parent. Filial piety is respecting ones parents or elders

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Kallipolis

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the ideal city in The Republic

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Timocracy

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a state ruled by people who love honor and are selected by their degree of honor. Often times honor is equated with wealth and possession, so this type of gilded government leads people to value materials above all else.

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Emotivism

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morals are dependent on taste or inclination

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Herrenvolk

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"the master race"-which holds that the Aryan Race was the purest and ideal race, according Nazi racial ideology

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Untermenschen

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Term used in Nazi racial ideology to describe the inferior people, especially the masses from the east (Jews, Polish, slavics, russians)

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Moral Intellectualism

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same as moral cognitivism. The belief that underlying morals exist in human nature and that people make choices because of this morality. Morality is itself the goal of choice.

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Ontology (II)

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The philosophical study of nature of being, existence or reality in general. It is a main branch of metaphysics

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Epistemology (II)

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"Theory of Knowledge"-Branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It addresses questions of what is knowledge, how is knowledge acquired, what to people know, how do people know what they know.

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Metaphysics (II)

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Investigates principles of reality transcending any particular science. Cosmology and Ontology are two main branches of metaphysics

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Cognitivistic (II)

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Morality is itself the goal of choice. Choose to make the right choice for the purpose of morality itself. Using reason to evaluate morality.

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Pedagogy (II)

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The study of being a teacher, specifically the strategies of instrution. Literally means to "Lead the Child"

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Hedonism (II)

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school of ethics which argues that pleasure has an ultimate importance. Humanity's most importance is sensual self-indulgence

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Aesthetics (II)

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The branch of philosophy concerned with beauty, art, and taste and with the appreciation of beauty. The study of sensory or sensori-emotional values.

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Teleology (II)

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The philosophical study of design and purpose. Dealing with the belief that there is an inherent purpose or final cause for all that exists.

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Utilitarian (II)

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The idea that moral worth of an action is determined solely by its contribution to its overall utility. Its contribution to happiness or pleasure is summed among all people

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Consequentuialist (II)

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Someone who believes that the consequences for a particular action form the basis for any valid moral judgement about that action. The belief that a morally right action is one that produces a good outcome, or consequence.

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Sophist (II)

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those who taught rhetoric and were considered the foundation for greek enlightenment. Comes from the greek word Sophia which means wise.

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Oratory (II)

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the ancient art of public speaking. It was studied as a component of rhetoric and was considered an important skill in public and private life.

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Piety (II)

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A devotion to ones natural obligations, or spiritual obligations. In spiritual terminology it is considered a virtue.

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Thrasymachus (II)

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a sophist of ancient greece. He is also a character in Plato's Republic who violently disagrees with the outcome of Socrates and Polemarchus's discussion on justice

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Kant (II)

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The last influential philosopher of modern Europe in classic sequence of the epistemology during the enligtenment. created a new widespread perspective in philosophy that has continued to influence philosophy through the 21st century.

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Practical Philosophy

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Includes Aesthetics, moral philosophy, political philosophy, and economics, theology, philosophy of science. It is applied philosophy

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Theoretical philosophy

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Philosophy of the beyond or above. Includes metaphysics

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Pre-socratic

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greek philosophers who were active before Socrates. They were called physiologoi or natural philosophers.

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Hume

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A Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian, and a key figure in western philosophy. He is grouped with Locke, Berkeley, as a British Empiricist

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Ontological Monism

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Belief that there is only one form of matter. Carl Marx was an ontological monist, believed in only the physical

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Theogony

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A poem by Hesiod, a greek oral poet, that describes the origins and genealogies of the gods. It is a large scale synthesis of the local Greek traditions regarding the Gods

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Renaissance

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was a cultural movement that spanned the 14th-17th century, beginning in Florence in the late middle ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era because the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe.

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Citizen (Rousseau)

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A citizen can be an egoist and decide that his personal interest should override the collective interest. However, as part of a collective body, the individual citizen, puts aside his egoism to create a "general will" which is popular sovereignty. Citizens choose together the fundamental rules by which they would live, and the individual (including everyone) must bow to it, or be forced to bow to it.

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State of Nature (Hobbes)

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The state of nature is war. The time men live without a common power to keep them in order is a condition where every man is against every man and hence at war.

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Benthamit Calculus

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AKA Hedonistic or Felicific Calculus. It is an algorithm for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause. For Utilitarians or Consequentialist, this a tool for determining the moral status of any considered act.

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Philosophical Anthropology

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The attempt to unify disparate ways of understanding behavior of humans as both creatures of their social environments and creators of their own values. The majority of philosophers are said to have distinctive anthropologies.

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John Rawls

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American philosopher and leading figure in moral and political philosophy. He employs a number of thought experiments to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which everyone is impartially situated as equals, in order to determine principles of social justice

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Original Position

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One of the most influential ideas in 20th century philosophy developed by John Rawls. It is a hypothetical situation created as a thought experiment to replace the imagery of a savage state of nature of prior political philosophers.

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Veil of Ignorance

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A concept and thought experiment introduced by John Rawls. A method of determining the morality of a certain issue based upon the following principle: if everyone was taken from their position in society and then the morality was considered, the moral choice would be the one everyone would choose.

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Minimin

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The idea by Rawl that noone's basic rights should or shall be hindered

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Maximin

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The idea by Rawl that everyone's basic rights should be maximized by the social contract. It is the choice that produces the highest payoff for the least advantaged position.

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Epistemology of Ignorance

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An oxymoron itself. However, epistemology itself is ignorant because it accepts basic belief that a premise is true only because it has not yet been proven false. It is not possible to know.

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White Supremacy

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The idea that the white people are superior to people of all other racial backgrounds

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Racial Hierarchy

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A system of stratification that focuses on the belief that some racial groups are either superior or inferior to other groups

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Racial Contract

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A book written by Charles Mills that focuses on the issue of race and how it manifests into society. He provides a theory that race does not exist but that we must understand the existence of the racial practices that generate the "racial contract"

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Social Ontology

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The constitution of social agents. Racialized ethik, racialized epistemology, and racialized politics

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Ethics of derogation

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Racialized Politics. Part of the social ontology

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Politics of Suboardination

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Part of the social ontology. Racialized Politics.

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Moral Cartography

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Race is a practice of embodiment that constructs ideals or undesirable bodies. Race embodies space, which embodies personhood which embodies polity

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Embodiment

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The idea that the nature of the human mind is largely determined by the form of the human body. This leads to hierarchical somatology which leads to bodies (as race)

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Somatology

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The study or science of the human body as a branch of anthropology. Hierarchical somatology would be the ranking of certain bodies as superior or inferior based on their anthropological background as a body.

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"Free-Fire" Zone

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The ability to question any premise. To allow freedom of opinion, expression of all people because noone is infallible