Philosophy

Front 1

universal idea

Back 1

an idea that is valid of many particulars

Locke

Front 2

particular ideas

Back 2

idea that is valid of just one thing
Locke

Front 3

abstraction

Back 3

generalizing from particular ideas to form a universal idea that is valid of all the particulars

Locke

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tabula rasa

Back 4

the mind at birth is like a blank sheet of paper

locke

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2 kinds of experience

Back 5

outer experience-sensation

inner experience-reflextion-observing own mind

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4 ways of getting ideas

Back 6

1) one sense only
2)more than one sense
3)reflection only
4)all the ways of sensation and reflextion
locke

Front 7

empiricism

Back 7

belief that all ideas come from experience (no innate ideas)
locke

Front 8

principle of identity

Back 8

a thing is the same as itself A=A
locke

Front 9

principle of non-contradiction

Back 9

a things cannot both be and not be (in the same respect at the same time)
locke

Front 10

universal assent

Back 10

everyone agrees that the principles are true and since people have different experiences, the principles must be innate
locke

Front 11

Lockes argument against universal assent

Back 11

L1 everyone would agree if they have the same experiences

L2 It is false in fact that there is universal assent. (there are excceptions)

Front 12

Lockes argument against the principles being implicitly known (you understand but cant articulate

Back 12

L1- "implicit knowledge" makes no sense b/c knowledge is something your aware of
L2- where do we draw the line between "implicit" knowledge and things that we learn?

Front 13

Lockes argument against... the principles are know when we come to the use of reason

Back 13

L1- the principles would not serve as axioms if reason discovers them
L2- if reason discovers them, why isnt everything that reason discovers innate
L3- if we become aware when we come to the use of reason, this wouldnt prove anything unless awareness and reasoning were simultaneous

Alternative: all ideas are aquired from experience (not innate)

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philosophy

Back 14

love of wisdom

Front 15

relativism

Back 15

belief there is no absolute truth. truth is relative to...(culture) (individual)

Front 16

ethics or mortality

Back 16

not just what you believe, but what you do

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moral relativist

Back 17

predator example - kidnapping is moral to individual making it okay

Front 18

learn to think well

Back 18

learn to distinguish good beliefs and bad beliefs through argument

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argument

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a structured set of statements that lead to a conclusion that is forced on the hearer
-all men are mortal
-socrates is a man
-therefore socrates is mortal-conclusion

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failed argument

Back 20

-some men have brown hair
-socrates is a man
-therefore socrates has brown hair

Front 21

logical validity

Back 21

structure of arguments where by the conclusion follows necessarily from the promises.

Front 22

logically valid ex.

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-all pigs are fish
-all fish have wings
-all pigs have wings

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sound argumnet

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has logical validity and no false premises

Front 24

Socrates

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-would question people and realized they were not as wise as seemed
-made young ppl laugh at "importnant ppl"
-duty is to show ppl they are ignorant

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Plato

delphi

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-preserved socrates doings
-Apology (speech for defense)
-orcale said no one was wiser than soc

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meletus

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-prosecutor of soc who questions him

-Mel didnt ask or go into depth with soc which proved soc point abt intelligence

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argument by analogy

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when 2 things are compared what can be said about one can be said abt the other
-only as strong as the degree of comparison
ex- the education of youth is like the training of horses
-only few people are good at training horses
-therefore, only a few people are good at the education of youth(in the # of people good at it)

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ethics

Back 28

-study of what humans should do
-what behavior is right/wrong
morality=ethics

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mores

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social standard of behavior

Front 30

moral relativism


ex.

Back 30

-morality is relative to the culture
benedict-was a moral relativist

berdache- american indians of switching gender and it was acceptable

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moral absolutism

Back 31

there are absolute standards of morality

benedict (not this)

Front 32

circular argument

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an argument that assumes what it is trying to prove
benidict

Front 33

benidict argument

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normality argument

if A then B therefore B
B=C therefor C

Front 34

W.T. Stace

Back 34

-he is a moral absolutist- believes there is only one eternally true and valid code
stace

Front 35

moral facts

Back 35

-the absolutist is not commited to saying that he knows the moral facts
-the moral facts arent necissarily conservative or traditional
stace

Front 36

absolute argument

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one absolute thought makes you moral absolutist
stace

Front 37

standard

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what is normal or usual-dont have to live up to it
stace

Front 38

ii argument

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a fact is evidence against a theory if the theory cannot explain the fact. but the absolutist can explain moral diversity easily by saying that some people are wrong
stace

Front 39

b. argument

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the objection is no one has proven what the absolute moral code is

i) the fact that we don't know an answer is not a reason for believing that the answer is not a matter of fact
stace

Front 40

arguments against moral relativism (2)

Back 40

1)m.r renders all moral comparisons meaningless
2) how do we know the moral standards of a diverse society?
3)slippery slope
4)moral relativism has no standard that can bind anyone against their will
5) moral relativism is defeatism in morals
stace

Front 41

slippery slope

Back 41

a position that you cannot maintain b/c you slide to ever more unattractive positions
stace

Front 42

Rachels main point

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Are people basically selfish?
-people are looking out for #1 no matter what

Front 43

plato-the republic

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-nature of justice-everone getteing what deserved
-argued by Glaucon-position of devils advocate
-D.A- tries to stimulate discussion w/ extreme position-don't necessarily believe

Front 44

story of gyges

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-magic ring-makes invisible-turns in bad man
-says ring 2 acts the same way (bad) b/c they know crime doesnt pay. They know they can get away w/ anything

Front 45

glaucon ring idea

Back 45

take 2 rings-one is bad and one is morally good
-what was stopping them is gone (getting caught)
-says we are only well behaved b/c of society
-before society there was a state of nature
-people realize stupid way to live
plato

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rules of society

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everyone gives up right to do certain things=safer
-if anyone breaks laws they gang up on them
-unrulebreaker vs. rulebreaker
plato

Front 47

platos argumment of rules

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argues everyone wants to do what they want but the morally good people realize its dumb b/c theyll get caught
plato

Front 48

altruism

Back 48

acting for the sake of others
plato

Front 49

concience

Back 49

conditioned response ex. dog
plato

Front 50

rachels 2 positions-

Back 50

1-psychological egoism-people are infact motivated only by self interest
-explaining altruistic behavior in psychological egoism-what they get out of helping others
2- ethical egoism-what you should do, people SHOULD be motivated only by self interest

-only understand whats good for them, dont try and intrude w/ others
-dont help unless good in it for you

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egoist

Back 51

actions are not unselfish b/c the agent is doing what he most wants to do

-"everyone does what they want to do"
1)when choosing an option, you choose what YOU think is best
2) everyone chooses what is in their self interest
#2 does not equal #1 b/c it is the very point at issue
- selfish does not equal self interested
-selfishness is self-interest at other peoples expense
rachels

Front 52

aristotles points

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so called "unselfish" actions cause a pleasurable consciousness in the argument, and so are self-intrested
-this assumes that actions are done from just one reason, so if there is a self intrested motive, that is the real motive
"all actions give a pleasurable conciousness when they are accomplished, but this is not necessarily the reason for doing them
aristotle

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aynrand

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no one should do anything for anyone else unless it benefits you
aristotle

Front 54

aristotle arg. agaist ethical egoist

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if is in my self intrest not to burn in a building so therefore I ought not to commit arson
-while it is in my self interest that other poeple dont commit arson, there is no reason why i shouldnt be an arsonist

Front 55

empathy

Back 55

ability to feel what others feel
aristotle

Front 56

artisotle and happiness

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hapiness is a final good
-final good that needs no further justification
happiness=fulfillment

Front 57

3 of life

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-pleasure or enjoyment (childish)
-political or public-honor-virtue or excellence
-contemplative or studious- truth-virtue or excellence
aristotle

Front 58

more abt aristotles virtue an happiness

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-virtue=excellence
-happiness is activity of soul in accordance with the virtue
-soul= life
-things are excelcent when they do their prooper function well.

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reason

Back 59

-the distinctive human function is reason
-human virtue will either practice or obey reason

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3 parts of the soul

Back 60

1-vegitative or nutritive- automatically-basically irrational
-ppl arent praised or blamed for this
-no part in virtue
2- passionate or appetite
-basically irrational but subject to the control of reason
-moral virtue
3-intellectual
-basically rational
-intellectual virtue
aristotle

Front 61

philosophic wisdom

Back 61

thinking well
aristotle

Front 62

practical wisdom

Back 62

thinking about how to act well
aristotle

Front 63

intellectual virtue is owed to...

Back 63

teaching

aristotle

Front 64

moral virtue is owed to...

Back 64

teaching plus good habits

aristotle

Front 65

excellence is...

Back 65

human fulfillment
-supposed to do well-human beings have reason
aristotle

Front 66

practice wisdom

Back 66

knowing what to do about actions
aristotle

Front 67

moral virtue is a mean between what 2 extremes

Back 67

excess and defect
aristotle

Front 68

philosophic wisdom:


wisdom:

Back 68

thinking well practiced


thinking about how to act well
aristotle

Front 69

bentham-

Back 69

only consequences matter

Front 70

2 defective theories

Back 70

asceticism- pleasure is bad

sympathy and antipathy- we have a moral feeling
-feeling due to the way we were taught
bentham

Front 71

principle of utility

Back 71

people ought to seek pleasure for them selves and the wider community
ex-government

bentham

Front 72

principle of asceticism

Back 72

always opposed to it
bentham

Front 73

quantifiable pleasures

Back 73

-intensity
-duration
-certainty/ uncertainty
-remoteness
bentham

Front 74

fecundity

Back 74

the chance the first sensation has of being followed by sensations of the same kind- pleasure followed by other pleasures
bentham

Front 75

purity

Back 75

the chance the first sensation has of not not being followed by sensations of the oppsite kind
ex-work-pain followed by pleasure
bentham

Front 76

what does bentham want?

Back 76

pure pleasure and impure pain

Front 77

asceticism

Back 77

I ought to do that act which will bring about the least amount of happiness (pleasure) for the greatest number of
bentham

Front 78

kants main point

Back 78

only thing that matters is having a good will

-before making decisions one must decide if they want to live in a world where everyone acted as he did

Front 79

good will

Back 79

equals supreme good
kant

Front 80

reason and kant

Back 80

-reason tells us how to have a good will

-reason commands us or gives us imperaives

Front 81

duty

Back 81

doing what is right (deontological)
kant

Front 82

hypothetical imperative

Back 82

if you want x then you should do y-conditional
kant

Front 83

general imperatives of skill

Back 83

actions necessary to most easily attain solutions to problems
-standard of quality works
kant

Front 84

hypothetical imperatives

Back 84

irrelevant to mortality
kant

Front 85

categorical imperative

Back 85

-you should do y unconditional
-matter=consequence
-form=structure
-concerns form NOT matter
kant

Front 86

law of universality

Back 86

-categorical imperative is moral law
-all laws are universal
kant

Front 87

maxim

Back 87

subjective principle of action
-we are in accord with law when our maxim agrees with law
-therefore, our maxim must w/ this universality
(our maxim must be capable of being made into a universality)
kant

Front 88

categorical imperative 2

Back 88

-act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law
-act as if the maxim of you action were to become through your will a universal law of nature
kant

Front 89

maxim and universal law

Back 89

1-identitfy maxim
2-convert maxim into universal law
3-if the maxim works as a universal law- it is a good maxim, if not- it is a bad maxim
kant

Front 90

maxim examples

Back 90

ex- from self law i will will myself if my life looks like it will be more miserable than satisfactory
-suicide is wrong b/c self love is being made to kill me and keep me alive
-when in dificuties- anyone will make false promises
-false promises are bad b/c universaltiy should be both trusting and trustworthy
kant

Front 91

dutys and talents

Back 91

it is possible to have a world where people dont develop their talents, but in such a world talents are pointless, so why them?
-therefore we have a duty to develop our talents
-no one will help anyone unless it is to their advantage
-you could will the world universality but no one would choose it b/c we might need help
kant

Front 92

1)suicide
2)false promises
3)neglecting talents
4)avoiding philanthropy

Back 92

1)violation of perfect duty of itself
2)violation of perfect duty to others

3)perfect strict irremissible duty
-we cannot will bad maxims universality b/c they lead to contradictions
-duty not to do certain things=imperfect, broad, meritorious duty
-There is no universal contradiction contradiction in bad maxims but we would not will them universally
kant

Front 93

end in itself

Back 93

an end which should not be used as a means to a further end
kant

Front 94

rational beings

Back 94

-rational beings should treat all rational beings as ends themselves
-act in a way that you treat humanity whether in your own person or a person of another-always at the same time -as an end and never simply as a means
kant

Front 95

disintrestedness

1)interest/uninterest
2)interest/diisinterest

Back 95

-judging as if you are not involved (impartiality)

1)is this abstract to understand people
2)do consequences really not matter in morality?
kant

Front 96

decadent

Back 96

state of decay
nictzshe

Front 97

decline in the belief of god

Back 97

god is dead
nictzshe

Front 98

nihilism

Back 98

belief in nothing
nictzshe

Front 99

revaluation of all values

Back 99

-values are examined in light of the death of god
-all human life takes place in a body