Philosophy

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Substance

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- for the perennial tradition, the first category of being; that which exists and is understood in itself, rather than as a feature of another

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Hylemorphism

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- in Aristotelian natural philosophy, the account of physical reality as composed of matter and form

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Mixed Perfection

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real feature of being that can be present only in a thing that is material

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Transcendental

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mode of existence beyond the limits of the natural world

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Pure Perfection

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feature of real being that can be present only in beings that are not in themselves material

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Principle of Sufficient Reason

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states that anything that happens does so for a reason: no state of affairs can obtain, and no statement can be true unless there is sufficient reason why it should not be otherwise

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Dualism

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- view holding that there are two fundamental types of reality

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Monism

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position holding that all of being is of a single, fundamental type.

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Soul

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- formal principle by which primary matter is organized so that the being is able to exercise powers of life (nutrition, growth, sensation and local movement, understanding and choice, ect.)

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Sensitive

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- an animal’s or a human person’s mode of awareness of physical reality by way of sensory organs and powers; also and individual instance of such awareness

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Rational

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- philosophical theory according to which, in principle, all features of reality are open to human reason, often on the model of mathematical deduction

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Knowledge or Cognition

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sensory or intellectual awareness of things

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Sensible form or species

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- that by which features of sensible reality come to be in animal or human awareness

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Intelligible form or species

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that by which a form of reality comes to be known in its essential features by the human intellect

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Universal

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a form, and the intelligible features of a form, that can be found in many individuals.

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Abstraction

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- process by which the intellect forms universal concepts—which, in principle, represent common, essential features of things

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Judgment

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act by which the mind, make use of concepts, expresses how things are not; sometimes called the “second act” of intellect

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Reasoning

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act by which the mind moves from one or more truths to another or others; sometimes called the “third act” of intellect.

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Affectivity

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dimension of living that beings according to which they are attracted to or repelled by features of reality and act accordingly

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Drive or Instinct

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animal appetite rooted in sensory affectivity—eg, toward the seeking of food

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Will

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- power of affectivity in personal beings by which they are ordered toward and can achieve goods by way of understanding and reasoning

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Choice

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ultimate movement of the will, focused on a concrete act

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Freedom

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- the type of causality uniquely available to person, according to which acts that result from deliberation and choice are not determined by material forces

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Virtue

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)- state of a person, and in particular of personal soul, according to which the will becomes effectively ordered toward choosing a particular type of good, and/or avoiding a particular type of evil

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Subjectivity

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- in metaphysics, equivalent to subsistence; in the philosophy of the human person, that feature of selves that enables them to develop as individual selves and take responsibility for their choices and beliefs.

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Spiritual

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having to do with life and existence that is not, or is not totally, bound by matter

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Immortal

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not being able to die; once alive, always alive

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Physicalism

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philosophical theory according to which all that is, is physical

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Epiphenomena

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in certain recent accounts of the mind, realities which often are supposed to be “mental,” but which in fact depend for their existence upon, and ultimately are reducible to, physical realities

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Deliberation

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activity of practical or moral reasoning, the conclusion of which is presented for choice as a concrete act to be undertaken