Philosophy

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Statement

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A sentence that expresses an alleged fact

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form

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The logical structure of a statement

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content

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The meaning; concepts used within the form

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Subject predicate

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S -> P

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Conditional form

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If A, Then B.

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What are the two major statement forms?

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Conditional form & Subject predicate. The predicate is what you ally to a subject. The house is yellow.

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Argument

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Basic unit of philosophical discourse. Arguments contain two types of statements – premises and conclusions

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Premise

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a reason/evidence for the conclusion

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Conclusion

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The point one is trying to prove in the argument

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Valid

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Describes an argument form wherein it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false at the same time. i.e. IF the premises are true THEN the conclusion will also be true

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Thesis

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The major conclusion of a set of interconnected arguments; the focal point of an essay, debate etc.

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Lemma

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A subsidiary argument which proves a premise in another argument

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Objection

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A critique of an argument. Claims either i) the form is invalid or ii) one or more premises are false

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Reply

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A defense against an objection

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Counter argument

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An opponent’s argument against the thesis. To be distinguished from objections, which are directed at particular premises in an argument.

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sound

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Describes an argument that is valid with true premises

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Syllogism


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A formal logical argument wherein if both premises are true, then conclusion must also be true.

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Classical syllogisms

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have one conclusion & two premises.

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Barbara

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P1) A is B

P2) B is C

T) A is C

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Darii

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P1) All B is C

P2) Some A is B

T) Some A is C

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Modus Ponens

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P1) If A is true then B is true

P2) A is true

T) B is true

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Modus Tollens

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P1) If A is true then B is true

P2) B is false

T) A is false