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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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philosophy
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“Love of Wisdom”
Is the underlying reason for thought and then to act. |
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Socratice Method
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1) Socratice ask questions of someone who claims to know
2) The person answers the question 3) Socratice ask another question that challenges the answer 4) This continues until; they reach consensus, they agree, no answer is possible |
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Descartes:
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(1596-1650) Rene-French philosopher and mathematician, he provided a mechanistic basis for the philosophy theory of dualism and is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy. He also founded the analytical geometry and contributed greatly to the science of optics.
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ethics
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always about action
In Judaism Tanak (Jewish scripture) Torah (Law) Talmud (Explanation) 1) Normative Theories: Theories of morals and morality a) Theories of action-how people should act and why b) Theories of character- character traits that are good or bad are often called virtue ethics c) Theories of value- values are assessments of worth (personal or societal) 2) Meta-ethics: The questions we have to ask surrounding ethics (Meta: out of, clarifications, definition) 3) Applied ethics: Applying theories of action, character, and value to specific dilemmas. |
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moral code
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Ethical Absolutist
There is one absolute moral code that must be followed in every instance. Most groups, fundamentalists groups in particular, believe that the truth that their groups hold is the only right one. Ethical Universalism: There is one absolute moral code that must be followed, however in some instances it can and must be broken |
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Ethical Relativist
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There is no absolute moral code that must be followed in every instance. Every situation is to be judged on its own circumstances.
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Moral patient
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While not responsible, have a special standing in the moral community.
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Moral agent
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Someone who is responsible for their actions.
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Code system
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Do not have to be complex-however ethical decisions may be complex.
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Oedipus complex
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Is a group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which concentrate on the desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex.
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Erikson
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Psychological development theorist-American
-there are stages-every stage is a crisis that must be negotiated (on following page) |
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Axial period
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Karl Jaspers coined the term the axial age (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axistime") to describe the period from 800 to 200 BCE, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in the West as in the Middle East, Persia, China, India and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the axis age.
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Cosmology
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The branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe with its parts, elements, and laws. With such of its characteristics as space, time, causality and freedom.
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Sculpture
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The art of carving, modeling, welding and producing figurative or abstract works of art in three dimensions.
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Sigmud Freud
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Is the Father of modern psychiatry.
Human psyche has three parts: 1) Id: -primal urges, survival most powerful is sex, and motivator. (Sub-conscious) 2) Ego: - (Conscious control of Id) 3) Super ego- (Hyper social consciousness) Freud says: our psyche is an interplay between these three parts, this creates tension. Too much tension leads to mental illness |
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Plato
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A priori- knowledge through reason
Greek philosopher: with his teacher Socrates and his pupil Aristotle, he is regarded as the initiator of western philosophy. His influential theory of ideas, which makes a distinction between objects of sense perception and the universal ideas or forms of which they are an expression |
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Catharsis
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The purification of emotions through the evocation of fear, pity and tragity
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Ontology
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The branch of Metaphysics that deals with the branch of being and reality
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Determinism
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The doctrine that all events exemplify natural laws
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Morals
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Beliefs or our actions are based on
-Codes are systems of belief |
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Machiavelli
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(3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He is one of the main founders of modern political science.[1] He was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, poetry, and some of the most well-known personal correspondence in the Italian language. His position in the regime of Florence as Secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence lasted from 1498 to 1512, the period in which the de' Medici were not in power. The period when most of his well-known writing was done was after this, when they recovered power, and Machiavelli was removed from all functions.
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Gandhi
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Leader of India. This is defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa, or total nonviolence. This concept helped India to gain independence, and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
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Theocracy
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Is a form of government in which a state is understood as governed by immediate divine guidance especially a state ruled by clergy, or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided.
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Egoism
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Always acting in my own best interest. The interest of others may be in my best interest as well. The criticism is that it appears to make a virtue of selfishness.
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Crusades
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The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, waged by much of Roman Catholic Europe, particularly the Franksof France and the Holy Roman Empire. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. Other campaigns in Spain and Eastern Europe continued into the 15th century. The Crusades were fought mainly by Roman Catholic forces (taking place after the East-West Schism and mostly before the Protestant Reformation) against Muslimswho had occupied the near east since the time of the Rashidun Caliphate, although campaigns were also waged against pagan Slavs, paganBalts, Jews, Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians, Mongols, Cathars, Hussites, Waldensians, Old Prussians, and political enemies of the various popes.[1] Orthodox Christians also took part in fighting against Islamic forces in some Crusades. Crusaders took vows and were granted a plenary indulgence.
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Hegel
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Was a German philosopher, one of the creators of German Idealism. His historicist and idealist account of reality as a whole revolutionized European and was an important precursor to Continental philosophy and Marxism.
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Materialism
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Reality that consists of matter.
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Socartes
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A posteriori- knowledge through experience- Tabula Rasa (Black Slate
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Metaphysics
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The study of basic structures of reality
What is real? Large topic- with many sub areas Most important of civilization- “Is there a God?” 1700’s- age of reason-marks modern age -arise of science |
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Arguements for the exsitence of God
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1) Cosmological- solidified by St. Thomas Aquinas
- in a casual universe, going back in time there must exist an uncaused prime (first) mover. For Aquinas the uncaused cause is God 2) Ontological Prof: deals with the nature of Gods existence - Anseim- 1) God is perfectly perfect, 2) Existence is a characteristic of perfection, 3) For God not to exist would mean God is less than perfect 4) That is contrictory to the definition of God 3) Teleological Proof and agreement by design- William Paley - “watch maker proof” - The universe is far too complex in design to have been created by chance there must be a designer - Richard Dawkins “Blind maker” for Dawkins with an infinite amount of parts and infinite amount of time a maker could create a watch randomly - Natural selection |
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Essence
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Fundamental nature of a thing
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Altruism
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is selfless concern for the welfare of others. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures, and a core aspect of various religious traditions, though the concept of 'others' toward whom concern should be directed can vary among religions. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness
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Vices
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Good actions that subconsiously result in more good actions
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Natural law
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the philosophical doctrine that the authority of the legal system or of certain laws derives from their justifiability by reason, and indeed that a legal system which cannot be so justified has no authority
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Perciever
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To recognize, understand, envision, discern.
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Freud 3 things
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1. Id
2. Ego 3. Super ego |
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Aesthetics
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the branch of philosophy dealing with such notions as the beautiful, the ugly, the sublime, the comic, etc.,as
applicable to the fine arts, with a view to establishing the meaning and validity of critical judgments concerning works of art, and the principles underlying or justifying such judgments. |
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Aristotle’s three laws of Thought:
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1) Law of identity-something is what it is
2) Law of the excluded middle- something must either be or not be (two choices 3) Law of non-contradiction- something cannot be said both to be and not to be at the same time and in the same respect (true and false) |
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Atheism
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the doctine belief that there is no God
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Cosmology
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The branch of philosophy dealing with the origin and general structure of the universe with its parts, elements, and laws. With such of its characteristics as space, time, causality and freedom.
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Impresonism
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was a 19th-century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence in the 1870s and 1880s. Characteristics of Impressionist paintings include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on the accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, the inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
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categorical imparitive
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Is the central philosophical concept in the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as modern deontological ethics. According to Kant, human beings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in one ultimate commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive. He defined an imperative as any proposition that declares a certain action (or inaction) to benecessary.
Hypothetical imperatives compel actions in given circumstances: if I wish to quench my thirst, I must drink something or; if I wish to acquire knowledge I must learn. |
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Sartre
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French novelist, playwright, existentialist philosopher, and literary critic. Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1964, but he declined the honor in protest of the values of bourgeois society
-authentic -Existential Angst - Existential is a philosophy that focuses on the personal search to find what is authentic |
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John Locke
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British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher
led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting information about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Much of Locke's work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. |
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Social contract
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Social contract theory, nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that persons’ moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. Socrates uses something quite like a social contract argument to explain to Crito why he must remain in prison and accept the death penalty. However, social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and political theory and is given its first full exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this enormously influential theory, which has been one of the most dominant theories within moral and political theory throughout the history of the modern West.
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Rousseau
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(28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a major Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-centuryRomanticism. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought.
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Metaphysics
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The study of basic structures of reality
What is real? Large topic- with many sub areas Most important of civilization- “Is there a God?” 1700’s- age of reason-marks modern age -arise of science |
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Carl Marx
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Economist
Late 1800’s Watched the change from monarchies to the republic but power and wealth is shown in the hoods |
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Negative freedom
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The right to be free from things
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Idealism
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Reality consists of ideas and the minds that house them
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Apriori
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knowledge through reason
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The cave
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Allegory: symbol of story (not real but contains the truth)
The cave story is about true knowledge Form is a perfect example of a thing by which all things like it are measured Plato’s forms are ideals always profound and impatient, a priori We know the forms by the time we are born, we forget them and have to re-discover them. Shadows are lies/false Fire is a dagma (dogmatism is a following of a belief at all costs) Moving figures are keepers of Dagma Escaped prisoner is enlightned (how does he escape? Curiosity) Outside world-forms The forms are those things that define our character (justice, love, honour) |
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Carl Marx
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Economist
Late 1800’s Watched the change from monarchies to the republic but power and wealth is shown in the hoods |
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Negative freedom
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The right to be free from things
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Idealism
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Reality consists of ideas and the minds that house them
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Apriori
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knowledge through reason
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The cave
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Allegory: symbol of story (not real but contains the truth)
The cave story is about true knowledge Form is a perfect example of a thing by which all things like it are measured Plato’s forms are ideals always profound and impatient, a priori We know the forms by the time we are born, we forget them and have to re-discover them. Shadows are lies/false Fire is a dagma (dogmatism is a following of a belief at all costs) Moving figures are keepers of Dagma Escaped prisoner is enlightned (how does he escape? Curiosity) Outside world-forms The forms are those things that define our character (justice, love, honour) |
