Phil Xx1 Ch. 4

Front 1

Fallacious argument against the person

Back 1

Ad hominem. This fallacy occurs when there are no good grounds to believe that a statement is false because a particular individual says it is false.

Front 2

Fallacious argument from authority

Back 2

This fallacy occurs when the authority cited is not a genuine expert in the field of concern, when the authority is speaking outside his or her field of expertise, or when experts in the area of concern disagree among themselves.

Front 3

Fallacious argument from consensus

Back 3

This fallacy occurs when the majority opinion does not constitute a good reason to believe the truth or falsity of a statement.

Front 4

Fallacy of biased statistics

Back 4

This fallacy occurs when the sample is not sufficiently varied to represent population, usually through failure to approximate a random sample.

Front 5

Fallacy of circular reasoning

Back 5

This fallacy occurs when the truth of the conclusion is already assumed in the premises that are supposed to support the conclusion.

Front 6

Fallacy of false analogy

Back 6

This fallacy occurs when the type of objects in the premises of an analogical argument are relevantly dissimilar to the object in the conclusion.

Front 7

Fallacy of hasty generalization

Back 7

Also called jumping to conclusions. This fallacy occurs when the sample in an inductive generalization is too small to be representative.

Front 8

Fallacy of incomplete evidence

Back 8

This policy occurs when the requirement of taking account of all relevant available evidence is violated.

Front 9

Fallacy of misleading vividness

Back 9

The fallacy occurs when a small amount of particularly vivid information is allowed to outweigh a substantial amount of statistical support for a conclusion.

Front 10

Fallacy of slippery slope

Back 10

This fallacy occurs when it is claimed that no distinction can be made on the grounds that any distinction would be an arbitrary break in a continuum of similar things.

Front 11

Attribute class

Back 11

This is the class represented by G in the statistical premise of the form "X percent of all Fs are Gs" in a statistical syllogism.

Front 12

Reference class

Back 12

This is the class represented by F in the statistical premise of the form "X percent of all Fs are Gs" in a statistical syllogism.

Front 13

Syllogism

Back 13

A type of argument with two premises.