Phil Revision

Front 1

What is a statement

Back 1

A statement is a sentence that is either true or false

Front 2

What is a proposition?

Back 2

Proposition is the meaning of a statement.

Front 3

When does a contradiction occur?

Back 3

A contradiction occurs when we assert and deny the same proposition.

Front 4

Can you imagine an argument where the premises are true and the conclusion is false?

Back 4

Yes? Its INVALID

No? Its VALID

Front 5

When is an argument sound?

Back 5

An argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true.

Front 6

Do logically simple statements have logical connectives?

Back 6

No

Front 7

What terms do logical connectives use?

Back 7

And, or, not, and if...then.

Front 8

What argument form is Modus Ponens and is it valid?

Back 8

If P then Q

P

---

Q

VALID

Front 9

What argumet form is Modus Tollens and is it valid?

Back 9

If P then Q

not Q

---

not P

VALID

Front 10

What form does Disjunctive syllogism use and is it valid?

Back 10

P or Q

Not Q

---

P

VALID

Front 11

What argument form does denying th antecedent use and is it valid?

Back 11

If P then Q

Not P

---

Not Q

INVALID

Front 12

What form does Affirming the consequence use and is it valid?

Back 12

If P then Q

Q

---

P

INVALID

Front 13

What form does unfairly excluding the disjunct use and is it valid?

Back 13

P or Q

P

---

not Q

INVALID

Front 14

What form does hypithesis syllogism use and is it valid?

Back 14

If P then Q

If Q then R

---

If P then R

VALID

Front 15

What form does faulty conversation use and is it valid?

Back 15

If P then Q

---

If Q then P

INVALID

Front 16

What are arguments that are not propositional known as?

Back 16

Categorical

Front 17

What do categorical arguments involve?

Back 17

Categorical arguments involve statements about categories, types or classes

Front 18

Categorical arguments are either ____ or ____

Back 18

Universal, individual

Front 19

What claims do universal statements make?

Back 19

Universal statements make claims about all members of a category.

Front 20

What claims do individual statements make?

Back 20

Individual statements make claims about one individual

Front 21

What quantidier terms do categorical statements use?

Back 21

All, some and no

Front 22

What is vague described as?

Back 22

Vague is often described as lack of clarity in an argument.

Front 23

What is the definition of ambiguous?

Back 23

The term is ambiguous if it has more than one possible meaning.

Front 24

What fallacy is it when a term occurs in the same sentence but used more than once with different meanings?

Back 24

Equivocation

Front 25

When an argument tries to show we reject an assumption based on its eventual consequences, what fallacy is being used?

Back 25

Slippery slope

Front 26

What fallacy involves praising one's audience before drawing an unrelated conclusion?

Back 26

Appeal to the people

Front 27

What fallacy tries to invoke sympathy in order to establish a conclusion?

Back 27

Appeal to pity

Front 28

Which ad hominem attacks the person defending the claim rather than arguing against the claim itself?

Back 28

Abusive ad hominem

Front 29

Which ad hominem tries to suggest that the circumstances predispose someone to a particular argument?

Back 29

Circumstantial ad hominem

Front 30

Which ad hominem suggests that an opponents view is inconsistent with his/her other views or actions?

Back 30

Tu quoque

Front 31

Which fallacy is it when an argument attacks an inaccurate and easily criticized version of the opponent's argument?

Back 31

Strawman or straw person

Front 32

When is a red herring involved?

Back 32

A red herring is involved if it changes the focus on an argument to an irrelevant issue.

Front 33

What is a form of circular reasoning?

Back 33

Begging the question

Front 34

_____ refers to the obligation to provide justification for a claim.

Back 34

Burden of proof

Front 35

What fallacy is used where some arguments show that a particular view is wrong?

Back 35

No Nay-Sayers

Front 36

What does Post hoc ergo Propter hoc involve?

Back 36

Post hoc ergo Propter hoc involves inferring a causal relationship based only on the fact that one event followed another.

Front 37

_____ occurs when one is selective in considering data or evidence focusing on data that supports ones views.

Back 37

Texas sharp shooter

Front 38

What fallacy is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently than normal during some period, it will happen more frequently in the future?

Back 38

Gamblers fallacy

Front 39

What fallacy involves drawing an illegitimate conclusion about the probability of an outcome based on the number of possible outcomes,and the (false, or unjustified) assumption that those outcomes are all equal?

Back 39

Equiproblification

Front 40

What two groups are involved in statistical reasoning?

Back 40

Target group and sample group

Front 41

What is causation?

Back 41

Causation is a relation between two things.

Front 42

C is a _______ cause of E iff E did not occur.

Back 42

Necessary

Front 43

C is ________ to E iff E is guaranteed to occur if C occurs.

Back 43

Sufficient

Front 44

C is _____ cause of E iff C alone is neither necessary nor sufficent for E, but C is a 'non-redundant' member of set events that are together sufficient for E.

Back 44

Contributory

Front 45

_______ ________ is the hypothesis explains the observation.

Back 45

Ad equency

Front 46

If the hypothesis is simply and 'unified' then its known as _____

Back 46

Simplicity

Front 47

If the hypothesis does not contradict other, well-established hypotheses than its known as ________ ________

Back 47

External consistency

Front 48

If the hypothesis explains many different things; perhaps it predicts completely unexpected things, then its known as _______ _______

Back 48

Explanatory power