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61 Cards in this Set
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Philosophy
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-Love of Wisdom -attempt tounderstand, explain, or otherwise make sense of the universe and our place init. -A“no man’s land between science and theology” -reflective questioning (series of questions that does not stop)guided by reason (distrustful of emotion). -Refusalto accept “that’s just the way it is.” |
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Ontology |
What exists? What isreally real? (the study of being) |
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Epistemology |
What can we KNOW(with certainty)? (the study of knowledge) -Subpt: Logic: What makes agood argument? |
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Axiology |
What should wevalue? (the study of value) Subpt: -Ethics: What is theright action? What is good? -Aesthetics: What isbeauty? Art? -Socialand Political Philosophy: What does the ideal government look like? What isjustice? (What is the right action for the large collective?) |
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600 B.C.E. –400 C.E. |
Ancient Period (move toward science, away from religion) -Socrates |
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400 – 1400 C.E. |
– Medieval Period (move toward from religion, away from science) |
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1400– 1900 C.E. |
Modern Period (move toward science, away from religion) |
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1900C.E. – Now |
Contemporary Period (move toward???) |
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Bertrand Russel |
believedthat philosophy could allow you to skip parts of the triangle (Maslow's hierarchy) because it is sopowerful |
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Maslow’s Hierarchy ofNeeds (1943) |
-Physiological>safety>Love/belonging>Esteem>Self-actualization -Maslow thought that, starting at the bottom, a person neededto achieve each step before moving to the next. |
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Solomon Asch |
-ConformityExperiments -37/50subjects conformed on one trial. Across trials, on average, 32% of subjectsagreed with the clearly wrong majority. -Ifpeople are inclined to agree with what people say, when it is obviously wrong,what will happen when the evidence is unclear? |
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Greek philosopher who questions common beliefs in Athens |
Socrates |
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Teacher of Plato |
Socrates |
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-Sees philosophyas rationally interrogating common beliefs, common definitions -Whatpasses as common knowledge or common sense isn’t necessarily right so hequestions those views |
Socrates |
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Put to death becausehe was “corrupting the youth” and because he didn’t believe in the sameinterpretation of the Gods |
Socrates |
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Philosophybrings freedom -From being limited topractical or instinctive man -From being limited bytradition/custom•Byconnecting us with the larger whole, giving us a holistic, more objectiveperspective (self-actualization) -keepsus thinking and not thinking about personal things |
Russel and the Value of Philosophy |
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1. Take a commonsense statement: Beingvirtuous requires money. (Meno) 2.Search for a counterexample: Could a person ever be virtuous without money?Could one have money and not be virtuous? 3.If exception is found, the statement must be at least imprecise: It is possibleto be virtuous without money. It is possible to vicious with money. 4.The original statement must be revised: Having money is irrelevant to virtue. 5.Are there exceptions or additions to the statement in 4? What DOES virtuerequire, then? |
Socratic Method |
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Death is simply disintegration,ceasing of sensation |
Epicurus |
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-Pain andpleasure are sensations -We fear pain, seek pleasure |
Epicurus |
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Absence from pain isenough to feel pleasure |
Epicurus |
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School/commune called‘The Garden’ |
Epicurus |
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Friendship, freedom,and thought |
Epicurus |
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Tutor to RomanEmperor Nero |
Seneca |
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-There are reasons whythings are as they are; we can’t change them and shouldn’t want to; we should livein agreement with Nature/Rationality/God -Toreduce frustration, adjust expectations |
Seneca |
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According to Seneca, why trust nature? |
-Nature = God -God = rational principles, a PLAN -Everything thathappens is part of a rational plan |
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Dog & Cart Analogy |
-Seneca -Cart is nature, and goes where's going to go -Dog is people, we are attached to cart -We can go the direction of the cart with slack, or go the opposite and choke ourselves |
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Serenity Prayer |
-Seneca -Acceptthings you cannot change -Changethe things you can |
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Seneca's view on ANGER |
•Why? We have anexpectation that is not met•Example:Rich guy lived in a world where he thought drinking glasses should not bebroken •Remedy: Lower your expectations |
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Seneca's view on SHOCK |
•Why?We aren’t open to the idea •Example: Deathof Marcia’s son •Remedy:Expect that anything can happen |
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Seneca's view on SENSE OF INJUSTICE |
•Why?Bad things happen to good people •Example:Death of Marcia’s son •Remedy:Relieve yourself of blame of the things that happen in your life. You can’trelate your destiny to your moral worth |
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Seneca's view on ANXIETY |
•Why?We can’t control the future •Example:Man is afraid that after a lawsuit he won’t have any money left •Remedy:Face the worst, because it’s often not as bad as you imagine it to be |
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Seneca's view on FEELINGS OF BEING MOCKED |
•Why?We put a personal construction on negative things that happen to us even thoughwhat’s happening •Example:Cyrus felt he was being mocked by the river because it “killed” his horse, sohe had his men stand and the river and chop at it •Remedy:Stop making things personal |
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Seneca's connection to grief cycle |
1. Denial-refusal to accept the facts, reality 2. Anger-strong, negative and aggressive emotional reaction to the facts 3. Bargaining-“I’ll do anything…” 4. Depression-sadness 5. Acceptance-emotional detachment and objectivity; resignation •Stoicismsays that you skip all steps and go straight to #5 |
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•Philosopher ofStoicism- •“Withstanding adversitywithout complaint” •“Live according tonature.” |
Seneca |
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Skeptic |
-someone who believes that we can't know anything for certain -Montaigne |
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Relativist |
-there is no one set of rules to follow -Montaigne |
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Believes differentcountries and cultures have different sets of rules and each of those sets ofrules are true in those places |
Montaigne |
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first philosophy to write in vernacular (common local language) |
Montaigne |
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Read by Shakespeare |
Montaigne |
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Consolation for Inadequacy |
-accept your body, your emotions -’Reason’ is not100% a blessing, not 100% of what it means to be human -Youcan be wise even if you have an unruly body, don’t have a fancy education, andare different from the ‘norm.’ |
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Prussian |
Schopenhauer |
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Lifelong bachelor (somewhat negative views of women) |
Schopenhauer |
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Refined ideas from Kant and Eastern philosophy (India) |
Schopenhauer |
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Wealthy, THE pessimist |
Schopenhauer |
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The World as Will and Representation |
Schopenhauer |
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-Theworld is really just a messy bundle of static and energy, but the human mindperceives it as a pattern (static and shark picture) -Thepictures are not actually real. What is really real is the energy behind it -Theworld as we see it vs. the world that is really there |
Schopenhauer |
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Representation |
the aspect of theuniverse that we can experience with our senses, externally (color, sound,space, time, causality, objects); where we live; not really REAL |
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Will |
theaspect of the universe that we can understand internally, subjectively; Will isTHE FORCE “behind” our external experience of the universe; But (contra theStoics) it is IRRATIONAL! |
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Will-to-Life |
a sub-consciousenergy force, an inexplicable drive that pushes creatures to survive andreproduce (what goal is there to reproducing? There is no end goal), bringingSUFFERING. |
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Theory of Neutralization |
Will-to-lifemakes you choose a person who will neutralize your personality |
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The four Noble Truths(of Buddhism) |
(1)Suffering is universal (2) The origin of suffering isattachment (3) The cessation of suffering isattainable (4) The path to the cessation ofsuffering is detachment. |
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God is Dead (God is like Santa- outdated tradition w/o believable foundation) |
Nietzsche |
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Master Morality |
value systems thatencourage us to risk suffering and take our rewards now make us proud “lions.” (Nietzsche) |
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Slave Morality |
Valuesystems that encourage us to avoid suffering and wait for rewards in theafterlife turn us into scared “mice.” (e.g., Christianity) |
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Will-to-Life becomes Will-to-Power |
Nietzsche |
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no pain, no gain |
Nietzsche |
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What would the worldbe like if we all took on Nietzsche’s “master morality”? |
chaos |
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Importance of Italy (Nietzsche) |
In Italy Nietzsche changed his views ofpain and pleasure and his view on difficulty. He had a new “faith in existence”that did not go alone with what he studied from Schopenhauer. Instead ofavoiding pain and living quietly like Schopenhauer suggested, Nietzsche’s new viewsfocused on seeing pain as a natural step in reaching something good. Heembraced the master morality instead of the slave morality. |
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Importance of Glaciers (Nietzsche) |
When glaciers move they aredestructive, but they leave a path for a grassy valley with streams and plantsto eventually grow. He is trying to say that anything that happens that is orseems evil will eventually lead to something good and it is for the greatergood that evil happens. |
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Importance of Mountains (Nietzsche) |
Climbing a mountain is difficult. Ittakes a lot of time and energy and can be dangerous. Nietzsche views anyjourney to fulfillment like a mountain. You have to start at mediocrity, endurethe pain, and eventually you’ll reach the top and find fulfillment in thebeauty. |
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Importance of Beer (Nietzsche) |
Nietzsche did not like alcohol because heviewed it as a means to avoid what’s next in life and to be sucked into yourown sorrows. He thought nothing great ever came from someone who drank a lot,and those who do are often unhappy. He thinks we should work our pain until wereach our goal. |
