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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Philosophy?
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A rigorous and systomatic examination of ethical, political, metaphysical and epistemological issues, armed with a distinctive method.
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What are the two types of philosophical approaches?
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Positive character and negative character.
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What is the positive character approach to philosophy?
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You are trying to understand everything at a deep level. You find firm truths upon which to begin.
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What is the negative character approach to philosophy?
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An approach in which you are denying there is true philosophy by offering criticism and being skeptical.
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What is metaphysics?
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"Beyond the physical." Branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of reality, dealing with first principles, includes ontology and cosmology.
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What are the two characteristics of creation myths?
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Anthropomorphism and ethnocentrism.
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What is anthropomorphism?
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Attribution of human characteristics onto non-living things, including gods.
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What is ethnocentrism?
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A view that a particular ethnic group's system of beliefs are values is morally superior to others.
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What is meant by the term "standard" in creation myths?
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"Standard" is the belief that your society is the measurement of all other cultures.
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What is the main reason for the switch from practical knowledge to speculative knowledge?
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The invention of leisure.
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What is practical knowledge?
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Knowledge sought after and valued not for its own sake but for the sake of something other than itself, things such as food, shelter and protection.
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What is speculative knowledge?
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Knowledge sought after and valued for its own sake and not for the sake of something other than itself, for instance, questions pertaining to "Who am I?"
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Who said, "Philosophy begins in wonder"?
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Plato of Athens
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Who said, "Man is a rational animal"?
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Aristotle
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Who said, "All men by nature desire to know"?
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Aristotle
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Who is the father of biology?
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Aristotle
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Who were the Presocratic Thinkers? (Ionian cosmologists)
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Thales, Empedocles, Anaximines, Xenophanes, Hereclitius, Pythagoras.
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What was Thales' contribution to philosophical thought?
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He postulated that the world could be reduced to a basic stuff in which all things could come from. He believed that stuff was water.
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What was Anaximines' contribution to philosophical thought?
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He also believed all things could be reduced to a basic stuff, but he believed the stuff was fire. He is known for his work on the laws of rarefaction and condensation.
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What was Empedocles' contribution to philosophical thought?
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He believed in four main elements from which all things come, earth, wind, fire and water.
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What was Xenophanes' contribution to philosophical thought?
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He was a critic of religious views, probably the earliest person to criticize anthropomorphism.
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What was Hereclitus' contribution to philosophical thought?
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He believed all things are flowing, in flux. He compares reality to the constant movement of a river.
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Who said, "No man steps into the same river twice"?
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Hereclitius
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What was Phythagoras' contribution to philosophical thought?
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He believed that number are the basis of everything there is. He had a monastic community predicated on metaphysical duality.
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What is asceticism?
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Focus on the soul over the body. This is accomplished through strict discipline and study of philosophy, math, music and astronomy.
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Who said, "I am only a lover of wisdom"?
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Pythagoras
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What is metaphysical dualism?
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We are made of two things, the body and the soul. When the body and soul mix, it causes strife.
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What did the Presocratic thinkers believe? (Ionian Cosmologists)
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They used reason and logic and believed that everything could be broken down into a basic element(s).
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Who were the Sophists?
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Sophist comes from the Greek word sophia, meaning wiseman. They taught rhetoric for a fee.
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What is rhetoric?
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The study of language sckill so that you can persuade and manipulate.
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What is a dialectic?
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Dialectic is the process of using counterpoint to evaluate in order to come to the truth.
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What is Socratic ignorance?
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A self-description by Socrates that he didn't know anything.
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What is Socratic irony?
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In the writings of Plato, in the beginning, Socrates claims to not know something and his opponent claims to know. By the end, the opposite is true.
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What is the Socratic method?
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A method of instruction in which the teacher leads the studen by means of a series of questions and answers so that the student comes to the conclusion by themselves.
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What is meant by Socrates the Midwife?
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Socrates helps the person to give birth to the truth that lies within them.
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Who were the Phythia?
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The priestesses of the Temple of Apollo, the home of the Delphic Oracle.
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What is ambiguous?
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There are two possible clear meanings and we don't know which is proper.
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Why does the Oracle say that no man is wiser than Socrates?
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Because Socrates knew what he knew, and he also knew when he did not know.
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What is the first definition of piety?
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"Piety is doing what I'm doing, bringing a charge against sacrilige.
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What is Socrates' response to the first definition of piety?
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That is an example, not a definition.
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What is the second definition of piety?
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Piety is doing what pleases the gods.
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What is Socrates' response to the second definition of piety?
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The gods disagree.
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What is the third definition of piety?
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Piety is whatever ALL the gods love, and impiety is what they ALL hate.
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What is Socrates' response to the second definition of piety?
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Is something morally right because all the gods love it, or do the gods love it because it is morally right?
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Where is Ionia?
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Current day Turkey
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What is the Divine Command of ethics, theological voluntarism?
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Roughly, Divine Command Theory is the view that morality is somehow dependent upon God, and that moral obligation consists in obedience to God’s commands.
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What is theism?
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View that all observable phenomena are dependent on but distinct from one supreme being
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What is deism?
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Refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.
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What is atheism?
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The critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.
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What is agnosticism?
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Doctrine that one cannot know the existence of anything beyond the phenomena of experience.
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What is skepticism?
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Philosophical doubting of knowledge claims in various areas.
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What is pantheism?
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Doctrine that the universe is God and, conversely, that there is no god apart from the substance, forces, and laws manifested in the universe.
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Who was the Oracle at Delphi?
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People came from all over Greece and beyond to have their questions about the future answered by the Pythia, the priestess of Apollo. And her answers, usually cryptic, could determine the course of everything from when a farmer planted his seedlings, to when an empire declared war.
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What is the Peloponnesian War?
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War fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta
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What is the Divine Command of ethics, theological voluntarism?
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Roughly, Divine Command Theory is the view that morality is somehow dependent upon God, and that moral obligation consists in obedience to God’s commands.
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What is theism?
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View that all observable phenomena are dependent on but distinct from one supreme being
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What is deism?
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Refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.
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What is atheism?
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The critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings.
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What is agnosticism?
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Doctrine that one cannot know the existence of anything beyond the phenomena of experience.
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