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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is pharmacokinetics?
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is the drug moving thru the body, what body does to the drug
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what is pharmocoDYNAMICS
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what drug does to the body, constantly changing
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what is pharmocology
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the study of therapeutic agents intended to change processes associated with patho or disease state
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what is pharmcotherpeutics?
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cure or make better
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what do you have to know to presrcibe?
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what r u treating
what agents may be effective any problems with the agent is drug effective does drug cause any problems |
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drugs can be 3 things?
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biologics
natural/alternatives traditional |
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what are biologic drugs and examples?
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naturally produced or made by the body's cells
- hormones - vaccine -animal products - microorganisms |
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what are natural/alternative drugs?
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regulated by dietary supplemental health education act
-herbs - vitamins - minerals -extracts -alkaloids |
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what are traditional drugs?
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regulated by the FDA, chemically produced, only with a persription(legend drugs), generic/trade, OTC
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what are the 8 questions for considering drugs?
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1. what PATHOLOGY are we trying to change?
2. What categories of drugs are available to treat the patho? 3. Mechanism of action, how will the drug choice address the problem 4. Tell the differeence btw features of specific drugs in this class 5. How is it absorbed 6. How is it distributed in the body 7. how is the drug eliminated from the body(clearance) 8.Safety profile : effects, interactions, pregna?breast feeding? PCA FADES..remember |
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Enteral includes
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oral, sublingual, rectal...GI
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Parenteral includes
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IV,IM,SubQ,intraacticular(joints), intrethcal(btw spine), abd organs
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Topical includes
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skin, mucus membranes, ears, eyes
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Pharmokinetics is regulated by what 4 mechanisms
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absorption-input
distribution-same as bioavaibility(drug n plasma) metabolism - drug in tissues excretion- output |
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what are absorption factors
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membrane thickness,surface area,tight vs loose connection
bloodstream factors are binding to plASMA proteins,body temp,contact time |
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what effects how much drug in plasma depends on what(distribution)
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protein vs free drug, blood flow to target area, permeability(MUST BE LIPID SOLUBLE TO PASS)
BLOOD BRAIN BARREIR, PLACENTA BARRIER, TESTICULAR BARRIER, LIPOPHILLIC OR CALCIUM BINDING |
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HOW MUCH DRUG IN TISSUE DEPENDS ON (METABOLISM)
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liver,1st pass effect(oral)
kidneys gi track rate of metabolism |
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what is the first pass effect?
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once drugs are absorbed thru the cells of the gi track, they enter venous blood thru the liver b4 entering the systemic circulation. drugs that are biotransformed(activated) in the liver will be very altered prior to entering systemic circulation
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what is phase 1
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p450 oxidize, adds 0H group chemically
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what is phase 2?
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conjugation, adds sugar group and water follows sugar. making more water soluble to help with elimination in the urine
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what is cyp p450
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a large superfamily of hemeproteins,
catalyze enzymatic reactions named by number,letter,number |
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another name for drug/drug and drug/herbal is
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p450
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inducers do what?ex?
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induce p450 activity and increase and eliminate drug b4 absorbed
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inhibitors are what?
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decrease p450 which keeps drug in body longer , grapefruit can increase p450
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excretion
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many drugs are secreted unchanged in the urine
the clearance of the drug is directly proportional to renal function crearinine clearance= kidney function |
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where can elimination take place
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mostly thru kidneys but can be thru
lungs, bile(gallbaladder), saliva, sweat, breast milk |
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Pharmocodynamics is what
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what drug does to the body
efficiacy- how BIG a response the drug elicits potnecy- how much DOSAGE is needed to get response |
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what is the dose response curve
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how much of the drug is needed to get the desired response?if you keep giving the drug how much greater response will you get?
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what is an adverse drug reaction?
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any noxious, unintended, and undesired effect on drug, watch out for patients who are slow acetylators (asian p450 is slower and is hard to eliminate and dont need as much)
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interactions happen due to 4 things?
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altered absorbtion in the liver
altered metabolism plasma protein compensation altered excretion in kidneys |
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what is an addition interaction
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2 diff drugs= increase effect
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synergism
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2 differ drugs= even bigger response than addition
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Potentiation
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one drug has no effect + one that has effect= drug has effect
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Antagonism
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2 separate drugs together = no effect and canceled out
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liver disease and drugs
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should invoke caution in the doc, this may lead to higher drugs level and portential toxcity
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what does smoking and drugs do with drugs?
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smoking interferes with p450 and acts as an INHIBITOR for many drugs
alcohol potentiate CNS drugs |
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kids
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bodies have a higher % of water =increased drug concentration
dehydration may lead toward higher drug levels bc renal clearance is different dose by weight- mg per kg per day/#of doses |
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elderly
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renal function decreases with age
know creatine clearance poor nutrtion and low serum albumin may affect protein binding of drug leading to toxciity sensory/cognitive =problems with compliance |
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Chammomile
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GI/antiinflammatory
sleepiness, anxiety, used with anticoagulants, INIHIBITS p450 |
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Echinacea
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treat a cold, increase immunity, stimulates t cell production, placebo effect
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Garlic
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prevent heart disease
excreted in lungs,sweat,breast milk, urine, feces |
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Evening Primose
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eczema ,blood clots
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Ginger
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cure all tonic
urine, breast milk |
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Hawthorn
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improves blood flow
strengthens heart contractions |
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Advil and motrin are also what
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analgesics/Ibuprofen
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Alieve is also
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naproxen sodium
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histamine blockers
maleate- clemastine- diphenhydramine- lovatadine- |
trimeton
travist benadryl claritin |
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H2 receptors
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GI
cimetidine-tagament famotidine-pepsid ranitidine-zantac |
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tropical meds
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clotrimazole- lotrimn
miconazole- monistat |
