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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacokinetics |
The study of drug movment theoughout the body |
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Absorption |
Process by which a drug moves from its site of administration into the circulatory system |
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Distribution |
Movement of the drug in the blood to the intended site of action |
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Metabolism |
Process by which the body breaks down (metabolizes) and converts (biotransformation) drugs into inactive substances mainly occurs in the liver |
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Excretion |
the removal of waste substances from body fluids mainly occurs in the kidneys through one of three processes Glomular filtration Tubular secretion Tubular reabsorption |
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Half-life |
The time it takes for the half of a drug to be eliminated from the blood stream |
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Drug distribution |
The process by which a drug leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium of the tissue's cells |
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Distribution depends on the drug's… |
-ability to permeate capillaries -ability to bind to plasma proteins -fat or water soluble characteristics -drug dissolution -GI tract environment |
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Blood brain barrier |
structure modifications to the brain do not allow ionized molecules to enter the brain Non-ionized molecules not bound to plasma proteins can enter the brain easily because they are lipid soluble |
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P450 system |
enzymes responsible for the most oxidation reactions of drugs metabolism occurs in the liver |
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Biotransformation |
change that occurs in a drug's chemical nature (majority occurs in the liver) |
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Metabolite |
new or altered form/version of drug (by-product of metabolism) |
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Tubular secretion |
most drugs filtered out through kidney this way |
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Tubular reabsorption |
some drugs and their metabolites are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream (happens when drug attached to water) |
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Clearance |
rate of elimination of substances from the blood |
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Renal clearance |
total amount of drug excreted over a specific time all drugs have a published renal clearance rate and is used to determine dosage |
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Onset of action |
the amount of time it takes for a drug to demonstrate a therapeutic response |
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Peak effect |
the time it takes a drug to demonstrate it's full therapeutic effect
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Duration of action |
the length of time the drug's therapeutic effect lasts |
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Peak level |
the point in time when a drug is at its highest level in the body |
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Trough level |
the point in time when a drug is at it's lowest level in the body |
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Minimum effective concentration |
amount of a drug required to produce a therapeutic effect |
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Toxic concentraion |
level of a drug that will result in serious adverse effects |
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Therapeutic range |
plasma drug concentration between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration want a wide therapeutic range |
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Therapeutic range reached by: |
repeated dosages of drug drug accumulation in bloodstream plateau reached amount administered = amount eliminated |
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Loading dose |
give patient originally a higher dose to produce therapeutic effects faster, then go by normal dose to maintain this kick-start to get to the therapeutic range |
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Median effective dose (ED50) |
middle of frequency distribution curve dose that produces therapeutic response in 50% of group average or standard dose many patients require more or less |
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Potency |
a measure of the ability of a set dose of an agonist or antagonist to produce its maximum pharmacological effect higher potency produces therapeutic effect at a lower dose compared to another drug in same class |
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Efficacy |
ability of a drug to initiate biological effect or stimulate its receptor in a way that produces a pharmacological response after it has bound to a receptor Magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug more important than potency |
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Agonist |
stimulates a drug's effects, activates cell receptors because resemble naturally occurring hormone or enzyme |
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Full agonist |
an agonist with maximal efficacy (acts with maximal effect) |
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Partial agonist |
an agonist with less than maximum efficacy or one that shows a low degree of activation |
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Antagonist |
blocks a drug's effects, occupy receptor site blocking agonist |
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Competitive antagonist |
drug that competes with an agonist for binding to a receptor competition can be overcome by flooding receptor site with concentration of agonists |
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Noncompetitive antagonist |
drug that binds to a receptor and stays bound can't be displaced by increasing concentration of agonists |
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Selective drugs |
have a preference for acting at certain binding sites or receptors desirable because it results in the drug having less side effects |
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Nonselective drugs |
affect all adrenoreceptors, regardless of whether they are alpha or beta receptors |
