Pharmacology Unit 2 Exam

Front 1

The nares, pharnyx, and larynx make up the

Back 1

Upper respiratory tract

Front 2

The bronchi, alveoli, and alveolar membrane make up the

Back 2

Lower respiratory tract

Front 3

Common cold, acute rhinitis, sinusitis, and acute pharyngitis are common_____ ____infections

Back 3

Upper respiratory infections

Front 4

Etiology of the common cold usually comes from

Back 4

Rhinovirus

Front 5

Contagious period of common cold from ___-___ days before onset of symptoms and ______ after the symptoms

Back 5

1-4 days before, and first three days after onset of symptoms

Front 6

Rhinorrhea is

Back 6

Nasal discharge

Front 7

This is acute inflammation of the nasal mucosa, etiology is pollen or foreign substance

Back 7

Acute rhinitis

Front 8

Where classifications of medicines used to treat symptoms associated with the common cold allergic rhinitis and sinusitis

Back 8

Antihistamines,

nasal and systemic decongestants, antitussives,

expectorants

Front 9

These this classification is h1 blockers (antagonist) 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines

Back 9

Antihistamine

Front 10

Side effects of first-generation antihistamines

Back 10

Drowsiness dry mouth ect.

Front 11

Non sedating antihistamines little to no effect on sedation and fever anticholinergic effects

Back 11

Second generation antihistamines

Front 12

What is the action of antihistamines

Back 12

Decrease nasopharyngeal secretions, nasal itching, and tickling that causes sneezing

Front 13

Side effects of anticholinergic are

Back 13

The cants :cant see, pee, spit, or poop

Front 14

What is the action of nasal and systemic decongestants

Back 14

..Shrinks nasal mucous membranes and decreases nasal fluid secretions

...Stimulates the alpha adrenergic receptors causing vascular constriction of capillaries

Front 15

Side effects and drug interactions can cause systemic reactions and affect the blood pressure and heart rate watch client closely if has existing problem

Back 15

Systemic decongestants

Front 16

Phenylpropanolamine in cold remedies and weight loss products has been removed by the FDA because of

Back 16

Cardiovascular problems such as stroke and hypertension

Front 17

Intranasal glucocorticoids are ______ based

Back 17

Steroid

Front 18

Used to treat allergic rhinitis examples are like tenis nasacort in will cause nosebleeds and possibility of increasing glucose levels if used long term

Back 18

Intranasal glucocorticoids aka steroids

Front 19

Only use on dry tickly cough not on productive cough dextromethophan is the active ingredient examples are robitussin coding

Back 19

Antitussive

Front 20

Purpose of this drug is to act on cough center in medulla

Back 20

, antitussive

Front 21

Purpose is to loosen bronchial secretions nursing implications don't give at night encourage extra fluid by mouth to increase secretion

Back 21

Expectorants

Front 22

Active ingredient is guaifenesin products

Back 22

Expectorants

Front 23

Inflammation of one or more of the sinus tracts

Back 23

Sinusitis

Front 24

How do you treat sinusitis

Back 24

Treatment treat symptoms over-the-counter pain relievers, extra fluids antibiotics in the last more than one week or with other symptoms such as temperature of 101 or more yellow-green secretion

Front 25

A sore throat is called

Back 25

Acute pharyngitis

Front 26

You can treat this was saline gargles, antibiotic with bacterial infection.. Take the doctor if temperature is above 101 or cannot swallow saliva need to be checked for strep infection

Back 26

Acute pharyngitis

Front 27

The 2 main disorders associated with lower respiratory tract include

Back 27

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive lung disease

Front 28

Is the term referring to the stretchability of the lung

Back 28

Lung compliance

Front 29

With _____ there will be increase compliance as a longs are stretched out the alveoli chronically hyperininflated air can get in but not out correctly

Back 29

COPd

Front 30

There is decreased lung compliance air is not able to get into the lungs due to some reason this is called

Back 30

Restrictive lung disease

Front 31

Chronic bronchitis, bronchietasis, emphysema, and asthma are all whay disease

Back 31

COPD

Front 32

Airway obstruction with increased airway resistance to air flow

Back 32

COPD

Front 33

Decrease in total lung capacity loss of elasticity of lung tissue

Back 33

Restrictive lung disease

Front 34

Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoniaitis, lung tumors , thoracic deformities sclerosis ,and myasthenia gravis are

Back 34

Restrictive lung disease

Front 35

Cigarette smoking chronic lung infections are causes of

Back 35

COPD

Front 36

Characteristics symptoms of this disease are dyspnea, bronchonstriction and increased mucus secretions provides permanent damage to lung tissue

Back 36

COPD chronic bronchitis emphysema bronchietasis

Front 37

Genetic, allergies to mites, dust.. characteristics symptoms dyspnea (shortness of breath) bronchoconstriction / spasms increased mucus secretions and will have classic wheezing pulmonary tissue damage is minimal and reversible

Back 37

Bronchial

Front 38

Allergens attach themselves to mast cells and basophils resulting an antigen antibody reaction stimulating histamine leukotriene etc in

Back 38

Bronchial asthma

Front 39

What normally promotes bronchodilation in the lung tissues

Back 39

cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Front 40

This increases cyclic AMP bronchodilation results adrenaline for emergency give subq or IV restore circulation increases airway patency

Back 40

Acute asthma attack

Front 41

The side effects are heart palpitations hypertension is stimulating the alpha and beta receptor sites

Back 41

Adrenaline

Front 42

Will be treated with beta adrenergic agonist

Back 42

Chronic asthma attack

Front 43

The effects of ______ are bronchodilation some increase in heart rate but will get better as body adjust to medication

Back 43

Selective beta adrenergic agonist

Front 44

Beta adrenergic agonist are usually administered ________ or ______ increased heart rate might occur with high doses

Back 44

Nebulizer or MDI

Front 45

Side effects are tremors, nervousness, increased heart rate may occur with frequent dosing

Back 45

Beta-adrenergic drugs

Front 46

Administrated through aerosol inhaler and dilates Bronchoiles

Back 46

Anticholinergics

Front 47

Action stimulates the CNS and respiration, dilated coronary and pulmonary vessels, causes diuresis

Back 47

Methylxanthines

Front 48

Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, bronchioles and pulmonary blood vessels inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase thus increasing cyclic AMP promoting bronchodilation drug has narrow therapeutic level (10-20)

Back 48

Theophylline... methylxanthines

Front 49

Side effects and adverse reactions are GI disturbances, nervousness, irritability, cardiac dysrhythmias, tachycardia, palpitations, hyperglycemia DRUG INTERACIONS ARE beta-blockers, herb, ephedra..limit caffeine! ! what drug

Back 49

Methylxanthines. .theophylline

Front 50

A chemical mediator than normally causes an inflammatory response

Back 50

Leukotriene

Front 51

Leukotriene receptor antagonists such as zafirlukast, singulair etc do what

Back 51

Reduce inflammatory process and decrease bronchoconstriction

Front 52

What class of drugs used for asthma are not to be used for acute asthma attack

Back 52

Glucocorticoids steroids

Front 53

Action anti-inflammatory effects supresses histamine, methods of administration aerosol inhaler tablet injection and watch glucose levels

Back 53

Glucocorticoids steroids

Front 54

Liquefies and loosens thick mucus secretions, administer 5 minutes after a bronchodilator

Back 54

Mucolytics

Front 55

This is also used as an antidote for a septum in acetaminophen overload but is given p.o in this scenario, dornase alpha for client who has cystic fibrosis to break up the DNA causing thick tenacious secretion

Back 55

Mucolytics

Front 56

The vomiting center in the brain within the medulla is influenced by _____

Back 56

Acetylcholine

Front 57

Nonpharmalogic measures for vomiting ..

Back 57

First letting the GI tract to rest small amounts of fluids will first be reintroduced to see if they can be tolerated if so gradually increase solid food these fools need to be easy digested and bland like toast

Front 58

Nonprescription antiemetics for nausea .... ANTIHISTAMINES, BISMUTH PREPARATIONS, PHOSPHORYLATED CARB.SOL'NS. Most of these meds will act directly on gastric mucosa to _____ or ___ __

Back 58

Supress or change pH

Front 59

Dramamine, Bonine, generally caused typical sea of drowsiness dry mouth and some anticholinergic effects & CANTs

Back 59

Antihistamines

Front 60

Example of bismuth subsalicylate

Back 60

Pepto bismal

Front 61

Phosphorylated carbohydrate solution should be used in diabetics because ...

Back 61

High concentration of sugar

Front 62

You can get prescribed antihistamines such as Phenergan, cannabinoids & Anticholinergic such as scopolamine for _______

Back 62

Vomiting

Front 63

The higher dose is _________

Back 63

Antipsychotic

Front 64

Can use dopamine antagonist for vomiting could cause _____________________

Back 64

Cuase Extrapyramidal symptoms in high doses, or if client has underlying problem that allows med to remain in body and stack up

Front 65

Common group usually used for cancer associated nausea and post-operative nausea/vomiting (Zofran)

Back 65

Serotonin receptor antagonist

Front 66

These drugs are usually used as adjenct treatment with chemo drugs during cancer treatment

Back 66

Glucocorticoids

Front 67

Will induce forceful vomiting always check with poison control.. Stimulates the chemo receptor trigger zone

Back 67

Emetic

Front 68

______ occurs within 20 30 minutes if you take a emetic

Back 68

Vomiting

Front 69

Brat diet..

Back 69

Bananas, rice, applesauce, tea/toast

Front 70

You would use the brat diet for

Back 70

Diarrhea

Front 71

Do not use antidiarrheals more than two days with fever because it could be sign of

Back 71

Bowel obstruction or appendicitis

Front 72

Opiates and opiate related agents such as diphenoxylate simmm. Over the counter is immodium. Do not operate machinery dont mix with othee CNS Depressants such as alcohol or pain meds this can be used for

Back 72

Diarrhea

Front 73

For severe diarrhea usually growth hormone but very effective in chronic diarrhea from abdomen associated cancers

Back 73

Somatostatin analog

Front 74

Abnormal dilation of the bronchial condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs

Back 74

Bronchietasis

Front 75

A progressive lung disease caused by cigarette smoking, atmospheric continents, or lack of alpha antititrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes that destroy avoli air sacs

Back 75

Emphysema

Front 76

Side effects include drowsiness which can be a major problem dry mount blurred vision caused by pupilllary dilation tachycardia constipation 2 class of drugs used for GI bug

Back 76

Antihistamines and anticholinergic

Front 77

A wave like action in your intestines that moves food down the tract

Back 77

Paristalis

Front 78

The duration of opiates are __ hours

Back 78

2

Front 79

Act by coating the wall of GI tract and absorbing bacteria or toxins that cause diarrhea such as pectin

Back 79

Absorbants

Front 80

Many ______ are contraindicated if patient has liver disease, narcotic dependence, ulcerative colitis, or glaucoma

Back 80

Antidiarrheals

Front 81

_____ & ______ are used to eliminate fecal matter

Back 81

Laxat and cathartics

Front 82

Harsh cathartics thay cause watery stool

Back 82

Purgatives

Front 83

Four types of laxatives

Back 83

1) osmotics (saline) 2) stimulants 3) bulk forming & 4) emollients (stool softener)

Front 84

Saline cathartics are contraindicated for patients with _____ ____

Back 84

Heart failure

Front 85

Adequate renal function is needed to excrete access magnesium, patients who have renal insufficiency should avoid magnesium salts. Hyper magnesia can result from continuous use of magnesium salts causing symptoms such as drowsiness weakness paralysis complete heart block hypotension flush and respiratory depression

Back 85

Osmotics (saline) laxatives

Front 86

The side effects excess lactulose include flatulence diarrhea abdominal cramps nausea and vomiting patients who have diabetes mellitus should avoid lacultose because it contains glucose and fructose ...class

Back 86

Osmotics saline laxatives

Front 87

increase peristalisis by irritating sensory nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa such as castor oil

Back 87

Stimulant laxatives

Front 88

Side effects include nausea abdominal cramps weakness and reddish brown urine cause by phenolphthalein, senna, or cascara.. fluid and electrolyte embalances likely to occur

Back 88

Stimulant contact laxatives

Front 89

What produces soft formed stool vs more watery stool

Back 89

Laxatives vs cathartics

Front 90

Pulls water into colon for laxative... Usually used for bowel prep before diagnostic tests or abdominal bowel surgery

Back 90

Osmotic

Front 91

Work by irritating the intestinal wall usually produces bowel movement in 6 to 12 hours

Back 91

Stimulant (contact)

Front 92

Works by absorbing water into intestine and increasing Paris dollars example Metamucil must mix with full glass of water and follow with another glass or can cause intestinal obstruction helps reg. BM

Back 92

Bulk forming laxative

Front 93

Promotes stool softening helps lubricate for easier elimination has mineral oil base do not use in children or anyone at risk of aspiration can cause lipid pneumonia which is usually fatal used to prevent straining which stimulates vagal nerve beneficial for patients with heart attack or recent abdominal surgery

Back 93

Emollient

Front 94

Contraindications for _____ include inflammatory disorders of the GI tract, appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, spastic colon, bowel obstruction, Diverticulitis, pregnancy

Back 94

Laxatives

Front 95

Antacids do what

Back 95

Neutralize pH

Front 96

Calcium -watch levels- can build in cause milk alkali syndrome- elevated calcium, renal failure; sodiumbicarbonate baking soda - can cause heart irregular what type of antacid

Back 96

Systemic

Front 97

_____ antacids are composed of alkaline salts such as aluminum and magnesium there is a small degree of systemic absorption with these drugs mainly of aluminum

Back 97

Nonsystemic

Front 98

The ideal dosage dosing for antacids is _______&_________ & ____________

Back 98

1 in 3 hours after meals and at bedtime

Front 99

Popular drugs used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers..prevent acid reflux in esophagus.. block receptors of parietal cells in stomach reducing gastric acid secretion & concentration

Back 99

Histamine (H2) blockers (histamine2 receptor antagonists)

Front 100

H1 blocker has to do with ______ H2 blocker is in the ______

Back 100

Lungs , stomach

Front 101

Histamine is stored...

Back 101

In the gastric mucosa

Front 102

Warn patient to avoid taking antiacids with ______ or _____ hours within taking other oral meds may mess up absorption

Back 102

Milk or foods high in vit d, 1-2

Front 103

Aluminum and calcium in nonsystemic antacids can cause _______

Back 103

Constipation

Front 104

Magnesium based nonsystemic antacids can cause _______

Back 104

Diarrhea

Front 105

Antacids are best taken on an ___ _____

Back 105

Empty stomach

Front 106

Block the increase of acid secretion i.e. zantac pepcid and yagament which can increase BUN, creatine, and alkaline phosphate

Back 106

Histamine2 blockers

Front 107

Drug interactions are theophylline, channel calcium blockers for hypertension, dilantin..avoid taking with antiacids

Back 107

H2 blockers

Front 108

SE of H2 blockers

Back 108

Common side effects are headaches dizziness decreased libido skin rash gynecomastia

Front 109

The little purple pill suppresses gastric acid production.. do not crush or chew

Back 109

PPI proton pump inhibitor

Front 110

Is a treatment for peptic ulcers , GERD, helicobacter pylori .. caution hepatic impairment suppress gastic acid 90% more greater secretion than h2 blockers

Back 110

PPI proton pump inhibitor

Front 111

Mucosal protective drugs nonabsorbable and combines with proteins to form of this substance that covers the ulcer and protects it from Acid and pepsin

Back 111

Pepsin inhibitor

Front 112

Gastric pH should be >#

Back 112

5

Front 113

Suppresses gastric acid production increases cytoprotective action.. could cause abortion

Back 113

Prostaglandin analog

Front 114

Onset within 1 min lasts 15 mins pt will lose blink reflex need to patch eye until blink returns

Back 114

Topical anesthetics

Front 115

Classification of drugs used for infection in eye/pink eye

Back 115

Ophthalmic anti-infectives

Front 116

Opthalmoc anti infectives are

Back 116

Anti virals, anti fungals (may cause stonging or temp blur of vision) , & Antibacterials

Front 117

opthalmic (eye) anti inflammatory drug classes are _______ & ______ they may delay healing of wounds

Back 117

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) & corticosteroids

Front 118

Eye Antiinflammatory is usually used for

Back 118

Seasonal allergies

Front 119

Lubricant drops for what

Back 119

Dry eye

Front 120

Used to lower interocular pressure of open angle glaucoma, will construct pupils side effects are headache, Brow pain apply pressure to inner canthus to prevent systemic reactions

Back 120

Miotics

Front 121

Use when other eye medications are not working it is a potent diuretic.. watch electrolytes.. side effects are lethargic renal calculi

Back 121

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Front 122

Interfere with production of carbonic acid which leads to decreased aqueous humor formation and decreased intraocular pressure

Back 122

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Front 123

Use pre and post op and for emergency treatment to rapidly decrease intraocular pressure- example is mannitol -also use for head injury to decrease intracranial pressure

Back 123

Osmotics

Front 124

Will increase brown pigment(eye)

Back 124

Prostaglandin analog(eye)

Front 125

Anticholinergic mydriatics (pupil large) and cycloplegics used in

..

Back 125

Diagnostic procedures

Front 126

Dilates pupils, side effects are brow pain, headaches

Treat over doses with physostigmine

Back 126

Mydriatics

Front 127

Paralyze the muscles of accommodation

Back 127

Cycloplegics

Front 128

Opthalmic cholinergic agents casues .

Back 128

Miosis, constriction of pupil

Front 129

May darken eyes permanently

Back 129

Prostaglandin analog

Front 130

First line drugs to treat glaucoma, decreases IOP by decreasing production of aqueous humor

Back 130

Beta adrenergic

Front 131

May cause night vision probs, eye discomfort, can slow heart rate, AB heart block and heart failure pulmonary wheeze

Back 131

Beta adrenergic blockers (eyes)

Front 132

What would a pt need for cold coughing and fleels like fluid in lungs... class of drugs

Back 132

Expectorant

Front 133

Tinea pedis is

Back 133

Athletes foot

Front 134

Tinea captis is..

Back 134

Ring worm

Front 135

Antiacne drug preperations are harsh on liver they come in 2 forms

Back 135

Topical and systemic

Front 136

Systemic antiacne meds come in topical and systemic... what are their side effects 3

Back 136

Skin irritation (tretonin), thrombocytopenia [low platelet count] ,

hematuria [blood in urine] (isotretinoin)

Front 137

Topical anthralin, coal tar, tazarotene -can stain clothes are drug preperations for treatment of....

Back 137

Psoriasis erythematous

Front 138

Systemic drug preperations to treat ______ are biological agents, methoxsalen, etretinate..side effects are

Back 138

Psoriasis, skin irritation

Front 139

Used to boost individuals own immune system ..determatologic drugs

Back 139

Biologic agents

Front 140

Verruca vulgaris is a virus (warts) and is ____ _____ found on the _____ _____

Back 140

Horny nodules ..Hands and feet

Front 141

Life threatening skin eruptions called _____ ___ syndrome are severe blisters all over the body related to dermatitis

Back 141

Stevens-johnson syndrome

Front 142

Drug induced- allergic reaction; can be mild rash ofr severe anaphylactic reaction

Back 142

Dermatitis

Front 143

Most common cause of drug induced dermatitis

Back 143

Penicillins

Front 144

Hydrocortisone cream but don't apply to eyes open lesions mouth or genitalia may suppress patients immune system topical drug therapy used for..

Back 144

Dermatitis

Front 145

What type of systemic drug therapy can you use for dermatitis. .

Back 145

Antihistamines such as benadryl - steriods last resort

Front 146

Hair loss and baldness happends when

Back 146

Follicles cant regenerate

Front 147

Hair loss and baldness can be the result of ....

Back 147

Meds, fam hx aging, prego, recurrent elevated temps.

Front 148

Drugs to treat hair loss (rogain) are vasodilators .. must watch BP for ______ and what symptom

Back 148

Decrease hypotension h'ache

Front 149

1st degree burn goes down to the

Back 149

Epidermis

Front 150

2nd degree burn goes down to the

Back 150

Epidermis and lower dermis

Front 151

3rd degree burn goes through the

Back 151

Epidermis, dermis, and underlying nerve and tissue damage

Front 152

Watch _______ with severe burns

Back 152

Electrolytes

Front 153

Topical drugs for burns such as sulfamylon and silvadene side effects and adverse effects are

Back 153

Burning sensations, blistering, superinfection, acidosis

Front 154

Salicylic acids products are used to ....

Back 154

Topically remove warts