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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone?
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Additive Effects
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Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication?
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Adverse Drug Event (ADE)
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Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)?
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Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)
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Any undesirable bodily effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs. These effects may include side effects, which are generally considered to be relatively minor effects that are expected to occur in a percentage of the population receiving a given drug?
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Adverse Effects
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A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body?
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Agonist
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An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication? A type of ADE....
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Allergic Reaction
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A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body. Also called inhibitors?
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Antagonist
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Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. It is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another?
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Antagonistic Effects
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A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)?
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Bioavailability
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One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Occurs mainly in the liver and produce a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism?
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Biotransformation
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The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug?
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Chemical Name
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Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or other patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form or treatment improper or undesirable?
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Contraindication
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General name for a large class of enzymes (found especially in the liver) that play a significant role in drug metabolism?
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Cytochrome P-450
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The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract, become soluble, and are absorbed into the circulation?
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Dissolution
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Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism?
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Drug
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The cellular processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells; also called mechanism of action?
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Drug Actions
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The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and constitute how the function of the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe this? (Most often referring to therapeutic effects.)
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Drug Effects
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The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs?
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Drug-induced Teratogenesis
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Alteration in the pharmacologic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs?
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Drug Interaction
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The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response?
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Duration of Action
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Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's own physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism?
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Enzymes
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The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream?
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First-pass Effect
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The name given to a drug by the United States Adopted Names Council, also called the nonproprietary name. Is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark?
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Generic Name
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In pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body? Also called elimination ____ ____?
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Half-life
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An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient?
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Idiosyncratic Reaction
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The quality of two parenteral drugs or solutions that leads to a reaction resulting in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs when the two substances are mixed?
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Incompatibility
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Any preventable ADE involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm?
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Medication Error (ME)
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The prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects?
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Medication Use Process
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A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical (metabolic) reactions involving the parent drug?
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Metabolite
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The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing?
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Onset of Action
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The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites?
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Parent Drug
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The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body?
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Peak Effect
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The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring?
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Peak Level
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The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design?
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Pharmaceutics
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The study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors?
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Pharmacodynamics
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The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources. This sceince was formerly called materia medica (medicinal materials) and is concerned with the botanical or zoologic origin, biochemical composition, and therapeutic effects of natural drugs, their derivatives, and their constituents?
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Pharmacognosy
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The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes?
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Pharmacogenetics
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The rate of drug distribution among various body compartments after a drug has entered the body. It includes the phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs?
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Pharmacokinetics
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Broadest term for the study or science of drugs?
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Pharmacology
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The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs?
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical chemical reactions once it is inside the body. Often, it is more readily absorbable than is its active metabolite, hence the need for its development?
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Prodrug
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A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Binds specific substances, and one or more corresponding cellular effects (drug effects) occurs as a result of this interaction?
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Receptor
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The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose?
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Steady State
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A substance (drug, or natural biochemical in the body) on which an enzyme acts?
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Substrate
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Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (compare with Additive Effects)?
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Synergistic Effects
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The process of measuring drug peak and trough levels to gauge the level of a patient's drug exposure and allow adjustment of dosages with the joint goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity?
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
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The desired or intended effect of a particular medication?
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Therapeutic Effect
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The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug?
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Therapeutic Index
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The quality of being poisonous (injurious to health or dangerous to life)?
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Toxic
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The condition off producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities?
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Toxicity
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The study of poisons. It deals with the effects of drugs and other chemicals in living systems, their detection, and treatments to counteract their poisonous effects?
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Toxicology
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The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer; also called the proprietary name. Its presence indicates that a particular drug is registered and that its production is restricted to the owner of the patent for that drug until the patent expires?
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Trade Name
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The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after if falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring?
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Trough Level
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syp
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syrup
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soln
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solution
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IM
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Intramuscular
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susp
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suspension
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q
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every
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a.c.
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before meals
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c
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with
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stat
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immediately, at once
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q.s.
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as much as required
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dr
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dram
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q.i.d.
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4 times daily
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s.q., s.c.
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subcutaneous
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elix
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elixir
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NS
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normal saline
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fld
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fluid
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q.h.s.
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every night
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p.o., per os
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by mouth
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q.d.
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every day
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gr
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grain
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q.o.d.
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every other day
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h.s.
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hour of sleep
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per
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by
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s
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without
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tab
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tablet
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p.c.
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after meals
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cap
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capsule
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OD
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right eye
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tr, tinct
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tincture
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supp
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suppository
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h, hr
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hour
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q.2.h.
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every 2 hours
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s.o.s.
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as necessary
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OS
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left eye
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ext
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extract
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q.a.m.
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every morning
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d.c.
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discontinue
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gtt
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drop
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dil
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dilute
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min
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minum
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p
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after
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p.r.n.
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as needed
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b.i.d.
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2 times daily
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mcg
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microgram
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t.i.d.
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3 times daily
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q.h.
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every hour
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ung
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ointment
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os
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mouth
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aa
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of each
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ss
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one half
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IV
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intravenous
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Convert 1 kg to lbs?
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1 kg = 2.2 lbs
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Convert 1 L to ml?
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1 L = 1,000 ml
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Convert 15 gr to mg?
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15 gr = 1,000 mg or 1 g
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Convert 1 tsp to ml?
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1 tsp = 5 ml
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Convert 5 gr to mg?
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5 gr = 325 or 300 mg
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Convert 1 min to gtt?
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1 min = 1 drop
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Convert 1 gr to mg?
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1 gr = 60 mg
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Convert 1 oz to tbsp?
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1 oz = 2 tbsp
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Convert 1 tbsp to ml?
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1 tbsp = 15 ml
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Convert 30 ml to dr?
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30 ml = 8 dr
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Convert 1 mg to mcg?
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1 mg = 1,000 mcg
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Convert 1 qt to oz?
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1 qt = 32 oz
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Convert 1 dr to ml?
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1 dr = 4 ml
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Convert 1 cup to oz?
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1 cup = 8 oz
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Convert 8 oz to ml?
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8 oz = 240 ml
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Convert 1 tbsp to oz?
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1 tbsp = 1/2 oz
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Convert 1 kg to gm?
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1 kg = 1,000 gm
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