Pharmacology Terminology

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VCPR

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veterinary client patient relationship

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pharmacology

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study of the effect of drugs on the structure and metabolism of tissue

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pharmacokinetics

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the action of drugs in the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of the drug)

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toxicology

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the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on tissues or bodies

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patent

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the legal right given by the government to a company that originated a new drug to have exclusive right to manufacture that product for a certain length of years

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withdrawal period

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amount of time that it takes for a drug to safely be eliminated from meat and milk after the use of that drug has been stopped

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chemical name

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describes the molecular structure of a drug

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drug

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a substance used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease

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generic name

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when a drug is approved, a federal agency responsible for naming the drug gives it a generic (official) name

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trade name or brand name

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the unique (exclusive) name that a pharmaceutical company chooses to give to the drug that they are manufacturing

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unapproved drug

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a drug that hasn't been approved by a Canadian regulatory authority and doesn't have a DIN

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DIN

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drug identification number

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banned drug

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drugs banned by Health Canada from use in animals intended for use in human food

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compound

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mixing together two or more ingredients of at least one of which is a drug

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nutraceutical

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combination word made from nutrition and pharmaceutical; any substance that is isolated or purified from food and claims to provide a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease; will not have din

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drug sources (6)

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Plants: herbs, vitamins
Animals: insulin, hormones
Minerals: electrolytes, supplements
Bacteria/Molds: antibiotics, antifungals
Semi-Synthetic: natural drugs that have been altered in a laboratory
Synthetic: totally man-made

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physical state of drugs

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liquids, semi-solids, solids, gases

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solution

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a mixture where the solute is completely dissolved in the solvent (does not "settle out")

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solute

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the dissolved substance

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solvent

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the dissolving substance

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suspension

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a mixture where the solute particles are large and suspended, but not dissolved in the solvent (solute will "settle out", so should be shaken well prior to use)

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liniment

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a topical application for counter irritation (a superficial irritation to relieve pain deeper); liniments can feel warm or cool on the skin depending on whether alcohol is part of the mixture

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drench

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oral liquid used for large animals and used to treat large groups

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syrum

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contains the drug and a flavoring liquid for oral use

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ointment

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contains more oil than water and is used for dry lesions

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cream

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contains more water than oil and is used for moist lesions

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suppositories

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are used for insertion into the vagina, uterus, or rectum

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paste

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a common form of oral medication

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gel

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transparent or translucent

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tablet or caplet

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firm, powder mixture that is compressed, usually with stabilizer, color, or lubricant

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bolus

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large tablet

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capsule

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a powder within a gelatin case

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implants

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hard pellets designed to be inserted SQ

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granules

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small balls of compressed powder

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powder

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the simplest form or medication, usually a mixture of the drug and some kind of diluent

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routes of administration (4)

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oral, topical, parenteral, inhalation

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main three parenteral routes

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SQ, IM, IV

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pharmacokinetics

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the study of what heppens to the drug(s) in the animal's body after it is administered

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ADME

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absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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absorption

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the process by which a drug crosses various barriers to reach the bloodstream

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bioavailability

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the degree to which a drug is absorbed and becomes available via the general circulation

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passive processes

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no energy is expended by the cell (most drugs cross membranes this way)

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types of passive processes (4)

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i) simple diffusion; area of high concentration to low concentration
ii) facilitated diffusion; water soluble drugs cross membranes through pores or channels
iii) dissolving; lipid soluble drugs cross cell membranes by dissolving in them
iiii) pinocytosis, phagocytosis; engulfing particles or droplets (immunoglobulins are received into neonate animals by this method)

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active processes

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requires energy to move substances against the concentration gradient (active transport: substance is moved from an area to low concentration to an area of high concentration)

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factors that affect drug absorption (7)

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- route of administration
- drug solubility (fat vs water)
- size of drug molecule
- ionization of the drug molecule
- formulation of the drug
- concentration of the drug
- blood supply to the absorptive area

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factors affecting absorption of oral drugs (4)

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-gut fill and the rate of pyloric emptying
-what is in the stomach, drugs may bind to gut contents
-low gastric pH
-presence of gastrointestinal disease

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factors affecting absorption of oral drugs in ruminants (4)

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-large capacity of rumen dilutes the drug
-pH 5.5-6.5 tends to cause ion trapping of basic drugs
-microbial activity
-rate of passage of feed out of the rumen (depends on how much they are eating)

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factors affecting absorption of parenteral drugs for IM and SQ (2)

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-multiple injection sites increases absorption
-IM injections absorb faster because of the increased blood flow to muscles

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factors affecting absorption of topical drugs (3)

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-sebaceous secretions of skin and the keratinized epithelium limit absorption to lipid soluble molecules only
-increased absorption in broken skin
-increased circulation to the skin

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how does the size of the drug molecule affect absorption?

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the smaller the drug molecule, the easier it can be absorbed

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two ways that absorption is affected by ionization

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-non-ionized drugs diffuse through cell membranes easier
-acidic drugs absorb better in acidic environments and basic drugs absorb better in basic environments

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factors that affect drug distribution (6)

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-concentration gradient
-protein binding
-storage in various tissues
-dilution in luminal fluids
-specialized barriers
-disease processes

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drug metabolism

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the body's ability to change a drug chemically (not all drugs are metabolized)

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what happens to drug that it metabolized

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-reduced activity/toxicity of drugs (most common)
-increase activity or toxicity (not common)
-change it to a form that is readily excreted

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metabolism/biotransformation

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-mainly occurs in the liver, but also in the kidney, lung, and nervous tissue, blood, gut wall, and gut content

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factors affecting amount of enzymes available to metabolize drugs (7)

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-species
-age
-sex
-stress
-nutritional status
-disease (especially liver disease)
-enzyme induction

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first pass effect

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-important only when considering the effect of oral administration
-the blood in the portal veins is filtered by the liver before entering the systemic circulation
-therefore these drugs are exposed to metabolic enzymes before they enter the systemic circulation, so some of the drug may be metabolized before it reaches the systemic circulation and thus various sites beyond the GIT
-for some drugs the amount of drug that is metabolized by the fist pass effect is so large that it makes oral administration of these drugs ineffective

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routes of elimination (5)

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-renal
-biliary excretion
-intestinal excretion
-glandular secretions
-lungs

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half-life

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the time required for the amount of drug in the blood to be reduced by one half (dictates how frequently the drug must be given)

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therapeutic range

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the range of drug concentration in the tissue where the desired response is achieved

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ED

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effective dose

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LD

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lethal dose

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therapeutic index

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the relationship between a drug's ability to produce its desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic or fatal results (the larger the TI, the safer the drug)

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drug clearance

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the shorter the half-life, the more rapidly a drug is cleared from the body

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summation (additive)

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using two or more drugs that elicit the same kind of response; smaller amounts of each drug can be used and the final response is equal to the sum of the individual responses to the drugs

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synergism

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the final response to using two or more drugs together is greater than the sum of the individual responses to the drugs

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antagonism

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has no effect, it reverses the effects of the drug already there (ie: reducing narcotic effects of a drug)

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harmful drug/drug interactions (4)

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-chemical incompatibility
-alter pH
-induce enzymes
-compete for plasma-binding sites

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undesirable drug reactions (5)

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-outdated
-infusion mixtures
-adsorption
-light sensitive drugs
-effects of food

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adverse drug/animal reactions

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-mild to fatal
-can be due to characteristics of the drug, the quality of the drug, the drug carrier, the dose administered, or the route of administration