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156 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
parenteral administration
injection of a drug from a syringe though a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein or body cavity
intracavitary instillation
injection of drug made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity
pleurodesis
injection of drug into pleural cavity which causes pleural surfaces to adhere, preventing the build up of fluids in the pleural cavity
intradermal injection
shallow injection into upper layers of skin, used for testing for allergic reactions
subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (SC) - give example
injection into tissue below skin, usually on upper arm, thigh or abdomen. Insulin is injected this way. 2 names, abbrev.
intramuscular injection (IM)
injection of drug into muscle, usually into buttocks, or upper arm, used when drugs are irritating to skin, or a large quantity is needed (name and abr)
intrathecal injection
injection of drugs into space under the meninges (membranes surround brain and spinal cord). ex. methotrexate, a cancertherapeutic drug, for treatment of leukemia involving the spinal cord
intravenous injection (IV)
injection directly into vein - used when immediate effect from drug is desired, or when drug cannot be safely introduced into other tissues.
pumps
used for continuous administration of drugs by the subcutaneous or intravenous route.
aerosols
particles of drug suspended in air
topical application
drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membrans of the body
antiseptics
drugs to fight infection
antipruritics
drugs to fight itching
transdermal patches
attached to skin to deliver drugs continuously through the skin.
ampule
small sterile glass or plastic container containing a single does of a drug
7 types of parenteral injections and instillations
intracavitary, intradermal, intramuscular, intrathecal, intravenous, pumps, subcutaneous
drug receptor
target substance in the body with which a drug reacts to produce its effects
schedule/dose
exact timing of drug administration/exact amount of drug to be administered
additive action
the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each
antagonistic action
the combination of two similar drugs produces less than an additive effect.
synergism (give ex.)
combination of two drugs causes an effect greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug given alone Ex. - penicillin and streptomycin are given together to fight endocarditis
response
desired and beneficial effect of a drug.
tolerance
effects of a given dose diminish as treatment continues, and increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect - a feature of addiction to drugs such as morphine and demerol
addiction
physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence of clear unpleasant effects when that drug or other agent is withdrawn
Controlled substances
drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and potential for abuse or addiction
drug toxicity
poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of a drug
Idiosyncrasy
unpredictable drug toxicity, such as anaphylaxis caused by previous exposure to the drug
iatrogenic
caused by treatment
side effects
toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug, usually tolerable
contraindications
factors in a patients condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised.
resistance
lack of beneficial response to a drug, or inability of previously effective drug to continue controlling disease process
19 categories of drugs
analgesics, anesthetics, antibiotics, antivirals, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anti-alzheimer drugs, antidiabetics, antihistamines, antiosteoporosis drugs, cardiovascular drugs, endocrine drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, respiratory drugs, sedative-hypnotics, stimulants, tranquilizers
drug toxicity
poisonous and potentially dangerous effects of a drug
Idiosyncrasy
unpredictable drug toxicity, such as anaphylaxis caused by previous exposure to the drug
iatrogenic
caused by treatment
side effects
toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug, usually tolerable
contraindications
factors in a patients condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised.
resistance
lack of beneficial response to a drug, or inability of previously effective drug to continue controlling disease process
19 categories of drugs
analgesics, anesthetics, antibiotics, antivirals, anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anti-alzheimer drugs, antidiabetics, antihistamines, antiosteoporosis drugs, cardiovascular drugs, endocrine drugs, gastrointestinal drugs, respiratory drugs, sedative-hypnotics, stimulants, tranquilizers
PDR
Physicians Desk Reference - lists several different indices to identify drugs, along with precaustions, side effects, and recommended dosage and administration
FDA
Food and Drug Administration - has the legal responsibility for decided whether a drug may be disseminated and sold, sets standards for efficacy, and purity, and testing
USP
United States Pharmacopeia - reviews available commercial drugs,a nd continually reappraises their effectiveness - drugs must be safe, effective, and available in pure form
6 routes of drug administration
oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, inhalation, topical
4 types of topical treatment
lotions, creams, ointments, transdermal patches
3 types of oral drug administration
caplet, tablet, capsule
6 subdivisions of pharmacology
medicinal chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, toxicology
molecular pharmacology
subdiv of pharmacology that involves the interaction of drugs and subcellular entities such as DNA, RNA and enzymes - provides info on mechanism of action of drugs
chemotherapy
study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body, includes treatment
toxicology
study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body, and finding proper antidotes to harmful effects of drugs
pharmacodynamics (4 ex)
study of drug effects in the body, including absorption, distribution into body compartments, metabolism, and excretion
absorption
how a drug enters the bloodstream
drug metabolism
changes that drugs undergo within the body
pharmacokinetics
the mathematical description of drug disposition (appearance and disappearance) in the body over time
Analgesic
drug that lessens pain
narcotic, opioid
powerful analgesic derived from opium, may produce dependence and tolerance (2 names)
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; used to reduce fever, pain and inflammation, and used for joint disorders
anesthetics
agents that reduce or eliminates sensation
general anesthetic
eliminates all sensation in all tissues of the body - used in surgical procedures, depress the activity of the central nervous system, producing loss of conciousness,and block perception of pain
local anesthetic
eliminates sensation in a limited region
antibiotic
a chemical substance produced by bacteria, yeast or mold that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites.
bacteriostatic
inhibits bacteria, fungi or parasites
bactericidal
kills bacteria, fungi or parasites
anticoagulants
prevent clotting of blood, prevent formation of clots, or break up clots in blood vessels
tPA
Tissue-type plasminogen activator - dissolves clots and opens vessels after myocardial infarction
antiplatelet drugs
reduce the tendency of platelets to stick together (aspirin is example)
anticonvulsant
prevents or reduces the frequency of convulsions in various types of epilepsy - depress abnormal spontaneous activity of the brain
antidepressants
treat symptoms of depression, elevate mood, increasse physical activity and mental alertness, improve appetite and sleep patterns, also can be mild sedative and treat anxiety
TCAs
tricyclic antidepressants - increase action of neurotransmitters
SSRIs
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - increase action of neurotransmitters
MAOIs
monoamine oxidase inhibitors - incrase the lenght of time neurotransmitters work by blocking an enzyme that inactivates neurotransm.s
anti-Alzheimer drugs
used to treat symptoms of Alzheimers by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding brain from glutamate
glutamate
a neurotransmitter that at high levels contributes to the death of brain cells
antidiabetics
used to treat diabetes mellitus - insulin, or oral _______drugs
insulin pump
a device strapped to the patient's waist that periodically delivers a dose of insulin
antihistamines
drugs block allergic reactions
anaphylactic shock
dyspnea, hypotension and loss of conciousness caused by histamine in severe allergic reactions
antiemetic
preventative of nausea
antiosteoporosis drugs (2 ex.)
prevent bone loss, increase bone formation (bisphosphonates, and SERMS)
SERMS
selective estrogen receptor modulators - increase bone formation
12 types of cardiovascular drugs
aspirin, nitroglycerin, digoxin, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cardiac glycosides, cholesterol-binding drugs, statins, diuretics
nitroglycerin
tablet taken sublingually to dilate cornoary blood vessels
digoxin
helps the heart pump more forcefully in heart failure
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure, improve the performance of the heart and reduce its workload
ARBs
angiotensin II receptor blockers - lower blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
angiotensin II
powerful vasoconstrictor
antiarrhythmics
reverse abnormal heart rhythms
beta-blockers
decrease muscular tone in blood vessels, leading to vasodilation, decrase output of the heart, and reduce blood pressure by blockin ghte action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart muscle
calcium channel blockers
dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure by inhibiting the entry of calcium into muscles of the heart and blood vessels where it is necessary for contraction
cardiac glycosides
increase the force of contraction of the heart, used to treat heart failure, arrhythmias and fibrillation
cholesterol-binding drugs
bind to dietary cholesterol and prevent its uptake for the gastrointestinal tract
statins
cholesterol lowering drugs - reduce production of cholesterol in the liver
diuretics
reduce the volume of blood in the body by promoting the kidney to remove water and salt through urine - treat hypertension and heart failure
aromatase inhibitors
reduce the amount of estrogen in blood, effective against breast cancer
progestins
prescribed for abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
antacids
neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach
antiulcer drugs
block secretion of acid by cells in the linig of the stomach
antidiarrheal drugs
decrease peristalsis in the colon
cathartics (2 types)
relive constipation (laxative - mild, purgatives - strong)
antiemetics
antinauseants - relieve nausea, vomiting and vertigo, dizziness, etc due to layrinthitis
Anti-TNF drugs
Anti tumor necrosis factor drugs used to treat autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's and rheumatoid arthritis
Brochodilators
open bronchial tubes
steroid drugs (inhaled, respiratory)
reduce chronic inflammation of respiratory passageways
sedative-hypnotics
medications that depress the central nervous system and promote drowsiness (barbituates)
stimulants
drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, incrase alertness and inhibit hyperactive behavoior in children (amphetamines, caffeine)
tranquilizers
used to contol anxiety
brand name
commercial name for a drug - trademark
chemical name
chemical formula for a drug
generic name
legal noncommercial name for a drug
pharmacist
specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs
pharmacologist
specialist in the study of the properties, uses and actions of drugs
vitamin
substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health
bisphosphonate
prevents bone loss in osteoporosis
emetic
promotes vomiting
glucocorticoid
raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation
thyroid hormone
stimulates cellular metabolism
aer/o
R. air
alges/o
R. sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
R bronchial tube
chem/o
r. drug
cras/o
R. mixture
cutane/o; derm/o
R. skin (2)
erg/o
R. work
esthes/o
R. feeling, sensation
hist/o
R. tissue
hypn/o
R. sleep
iatr/o
R. treatment
lingu/o
R. tongue
myc/o
R. mold, fungus
narc/o
R. stupor
or/o
R. mouth
pharmac/o
R. drug
prurit/o
R. itching
pyret/o
R. fever
thec/o
R. sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
tox/o; toxic/o
R. poison (2)
vas/o
R. vessel
ven/o
R. vein
vit/o
R. life
ana-
P. upward, excessive, again
anti-
P. against
ac
ante-cibum - before meals
pc
post-cibum - after meals
qh
quaque hora - every hour
po
by mouth - (per os)
SQ
subcutaneous
PCA
patient-controlled analgesia
qid
four times a day (quater in die)
gtt
drops (guttae)
IM
intramuscular
subQ
subcutaneous
prn
as needed (pro renata)
tab
tablet
NPO
Nothing by mouth (nil per os)
q
every (quaque)
tid
3 times a day (ter in die)