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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Secobarbital (Secotal)
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Barbituate -Hypnotic
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Name three Benzodiazepine that are only approved by the FDA for sleeping
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Flumazepam (Dalmane), Temazepam (Restoril), Triazolam (Halcion)
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Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
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Barbituate - Hyptonic
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Phenobarbital (Luminal)
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Barbituate - Anticonvulsant
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Thiopental (Penthotal)
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Anesthetic
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Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
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Benzodiazepine -long acting, use for alcohol withdrawal symptoms
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Chlorazepate (Tranxene)
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Benzodiazepines -long acting,
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Diazepam (Valium)
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Benzodiazepines -long acting, sedative, status epilepticus/grand mal.
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Oxazepam (Serax)
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Benzodiazepines -short acting, sedative
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Lorazepam (Ativan)
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Benzodiazepines -short acting, hypnotic, injectible form used for status epilepticus
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Midazolam (Versed)
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Benzodiazepines -short acting
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Alprazolam (Xanax)
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Benzodiazepines -short acting
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Flurazepam (Dalmane)
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Benzodiazepines -long acting, approved by the FDA only for sleeping
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Temazepam (Restoril)
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Benzodiazepines -long acting, approved by the FDA only for sleeping
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Triazolam (Halcion)
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Benzodiazepines -long acting, approved by the FDA only for sleeping, should NOT exceed 10 days!
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Flumazenil (Romazicon)
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Reversal of Benzodiazepine sedation. works by blocking GABA receptors
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Chloral Hydrate (Noctec)
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misc. hypnotic - lethal with alcohol
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Zolpidem (Ambien)
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misc. hypnotic -controlled Schedule IV
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Zaleplon (Sonata)
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misc. hypnotics - very short acting
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Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
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misc. hypnotics - unpleasant metallic taste in the mouth
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Buspirone (Buspar)
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misc. antianxiety -not a controlled substance*, treat anxiety but does not sedate, for abusers, requires 7 days of therapy to work
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Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
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Major Tranquilizer ---Phenothiazines (Aliphatic)*. also use for intractable huccups. --low potency, high dose, high anticholinergic, blocks both DA &Ach, low EPS, high sedation, high side effects.
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Fluphenazine (Prolixin)
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Major Tranquilizer --Phenothiazines (Piperazine)**. stabilizes pts. --high potency, low dose, low side effects, low anticholinergic, high EPS
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Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
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Major Tranquilizer --Phenothiazines (Piperazine)**. not used in psychotic pts. usually used as anti-nausea --high potency, low dose, low side effects, low anticholinergic, high EPS
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Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)
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Major Tranquilizer --Phenothiazines (Piperazine)** --high potency, low dose, low side effects, low anticholinergic, high EPS
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Mesoridazine (Serentil)
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Major Tranquilizer --Phenothiazines (Piperadine)*** --low potency, high anticholinergic, low EPS
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Thioridazine (Mellaril)
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Major Tranquilizer --Phenothiazines (Piperadine)*** --low potency, high anticholinergic, low EPS
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Haloperidol (Haldol)
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Major Tranquilizer --Butyrophenone
--high potency, low anticholinergic, high EPS |
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Clozapine (Clozaril)
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Major Tranquilizers --Dibenzoxazepine --highly monitored, major adverse reaction is low WBC count, high infection
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Loxapine (Loxitane)
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Major Tranquilizers --Dibenzoxazepine
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Atypical Anti-psychotic Agents
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Risperidone (Risperdal), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Ziprasidone (Geodon) --all p.o.
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Amitriptyline (Elavil)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor --very sedative and hypnotic --remember early morning awakening sympt. of depression
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Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
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Antidpressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor --used in smoking cessation
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Clomipramine (Anafranil)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
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Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
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Imipramine (Tofranil)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
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Nortriptyline (Aventyl)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
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Protriptyline (Vivactil)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
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Trimipramine (Surmontil)
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Antidepressant --Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
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Fluoxetine (Prozac, Serafam)
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(Prozac, Serafam). Antidepressant --Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor --specific for serotonin, might cause suicide
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Paroxetine (Paxil)
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Antidepressant --Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
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Sertraline (Zoloft)
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Antidepressant --Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
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Citalopram (Celexa)
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Antidepressant --Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
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Escitalopram (Lexapro)
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Antidepressant --Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
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Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
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Antidepressant --NE and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (Blocks both)
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Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR)
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Antidepressant --NE and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (Blocks both)
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Trazodone (Desyrel)
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misc. antidepressant --rarely used for depression
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Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid)
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Manic Therapy --increase Reuptake of NE. low therapeutic index, higher dose, high side effects, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, convulsions (seizures) --drug drug interactions: diuretics* --can replace Na in the blood =toxic=solution antidiuretics
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Anticonvulsants useful to treat Bipolar
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Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Divalproex (Depakote)
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the science of chemicals that effect a living process
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pharmacology
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adverse effects of chemicals
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toxicology
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management of disease with a medication
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drug therapy
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alters an effect already existing in a quantitative manner of changes
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drug
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1938 FDA must approve efficacy and safety. True or False
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False. It must only approve safety. The 1962 Kefaver-Harris Amendment must approve efficacy. Grandfather clause - drugs in the market before 1962 was not pulled.
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The IND procedure requires
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1. chemical or substance not previously used in humans
2. new combination not used in a combination before 3. new use for a previously issued drug 4. new dose form |
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IND phases
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phase1. determine safety and tolerated dose in a few healthy volunteers
phase 2. determine safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in selected diseased individuals phase3. determine safety and efficacy in widespread study. phase 4. drug marketed with surveillance of JCAHO. |
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The FDA has total control over homeopathics. True or False
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False. they have minimal control over homeophatics
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what is the difference between legend drugs and behind the counter drugs?
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behind the counter do not require prescription and legend drugs do.
example of behind the counter is insulin. |
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all controlled drugs are legend drugs but not all legend drugs are controlled drugs. True of False
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True
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generic medications that have been determined to be equivalent?
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Bioavailable/bioequivalent
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LSD, PCP, marijuana, rock cocaine, and heroin are shedule I drugs. True or False?
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True
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What are schedule II drugs?
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drugs that have high potential for abuse, but has medicinal benefit. some examples are narcotics: morphine, meperidine, methadone. stimulants: dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate. and barbituates: secobarbital, and pentobarbital
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shedule III drugs have low abuse potential and medicinal benefit. True of False?
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True. some examples include: Testosterones (because of anabolic steroids), and acetaminophen with codeine
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what are shedule IV drugs?
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shed. IV drugs have low abuse potential, and medicinal benefit. examples are Benzodiazepines: diazepam, and alprazolam. Long acting barbituates such as phenobarbital, and propoxyphene
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schedule V drugs have low abuse potential but have medicinal benefits. T/F?
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True. examples are cough syrups with narcotics (which suppresses cough). another example is diphenoxylate/atropine (antidiarrheal agent)
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narcotics can be used for diarrhea. T/F?
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True. Narcotics slow down the GI
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drug dosage depend on what?
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degree of absorption
volume of distribution rate of elimination |
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the more tissues crossed the higher the dose and the greater the potential for side effects. T/F?
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True. and also, many cannot cross the blood brain barrier.
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the higher the protein binding the greater the potential for drug/drug interactions. T/F?
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True
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what is enzyme induction and inhibition?
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(Hepatic). Induction=liver function speeds up. Inhibition=liver function slows down
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what is half time?
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the time it takes medication blood levels to drop in half.
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what is the two medications given together to produce an effect equal to the SUM of the effects of each agent?
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ADDITIVE
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what is the two medications given together to produce an effect much GREATER than the sum of the effects of each agent? (Usually used for AIDS pts.)
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SYNERGY
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what is two medications given together, but only ONE of the two agents possess the required action, but that action is enhanced by the second agent?
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POTENTIATION
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what is an agent that blocks a receptor form being stimulated?
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antagonist. and the opposite is agonist (an agent that stimulates a receptor)
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what is an unavoidable effect at proper dose?
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side effect
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what is an avoidable effect due to improper dose and drug/drug interaction?
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toxic effect
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what is an unexpected effect, but may happen, including allergies?
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adverse effect
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allergies
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not dose related
requires prior exposure reactions may be immediate to delayed for days reactions may be mild to life threatning |
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a compressed drug with fillers, binders, and coloring agent?
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tablet
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hard capsules are over the counter drugs. T/F?
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False
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GERD patients are given medicines in enteric coated form. T/F?
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False. these drugs do not dissolve in acidic media. example:aspirin which can harm the stomach. some drugs are also damaged by the acid
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sustained release of prolonged action drugs are meant for a drug that has a short half life (so the drug is released through out the day instead of taking it every # hours. T/F?
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True
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elixir (hydroalcoholic liquid) can be given to alcoholic patients. T/F?
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False. an alcohol base can NEVER be given to an alcoholic
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suspension?
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particles suspended in solution, must shake well. cannot dissolve easily. ex. pediatic antibiotics
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subcutaneous
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underneath skin into loose connective tissue. 1 to 2ml MAX volume (ex. insulin, anticoagulant heprin)
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intramuscular
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deposited between layers of muscle, 2 to 3ml MAX volume. Z-track? --> pull the skin before inserting the needle so the drug spreads underneath the skin and does not spit back. ex. iron injection
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intradermal
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below skin surface. MAX of 0.1ml only!! ex. TB skin test
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intrathecal
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directly in spinal fluid. can cross BBB ex. epidural
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intra articular
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directly into joints
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inhalation has less side effects. T/F?
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True. because drug goes where it intends to go. less cross tissue.
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sublingual/buccal
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avoids stomach acid. fast absorption (ex. nitroglycerine)
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cross tolerance
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tolerance builds up to another drug that one is not consuming
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toxic range
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increases with tolerance, but not as fast as the tolerance range
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morphine withdrawal
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6 to 12 hours - anxiety, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, diaphoresis, pyloerection, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea
48 to 72 hours - hyperactivity, restlessness, and insomnia |
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opiate withdrawal comparisons
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morphine - 5 to 10 days
meperidine- 3 to 5 days methadone - 10 to 14 days meperidine comes off faster but withdrawal is much severe. |
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barbituates (withdrawal info)
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initial effects are excitement (high), and later effects are depression, confusion, decreased sensory perception. there is a psych dependence and physical - delirium, rebound excitement, orthostatic hypotension, seizures.
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are benzodiazepines commonly abused drugs?
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No. Shed. IV -but there is a psych dependence and physical - rebound excitement and insomnia. it has depressant effects (does no get to the brain as fast)
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stimulants
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toxicities: seizures caused by cocaine
effects: increased alertness, BP, headache, weight loss, and self confidence. psych and physical dependence: tremor, exhaustion, disorientation, hallucination, confusion. |
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hallucinogens
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LSD-unpredictable bad expiriences and flashbacks
phencyclidine (PCP)- contributes to unusual increase in strength Marijuana (THC)- impaired cognition and memory, teratogenicity |
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drug therapy to treat Tardive Dyskenisia?
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there isn't any
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antihistamine used to treat Parkinson's in elderly?
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Benedril
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max. administration for secobarbital?
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7 days
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anti-emetic phenothiazine?
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Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
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short acting benzodiazepines only used for hypnotic?
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Triazolam(Halcion), Temazepam (Restoril), Flurazepam (Dalmane)
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drug max can be administered intradermally?
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0.1ml
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Neurotransmitter receptor blocked by phenothiazine?
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Dopamine --anti psych.
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decarboxylase enzyme is induced by this vitamin
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Vitamin B6
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Benztropine (Cogentin)
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Anticholinergic for Parkinsonism therapy
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Biperiden (Akineton)
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Anticholinergic for Parkinsonism therapy
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Trihexyphenidyl (Artane)
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Anticholinergic for Parkinsonism therapy
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Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
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Antihistaminic and for Parkinsonism also
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Levodopa (Larodopa, L-Dopa)
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Dopamine and Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)
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Dopamine and Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Amantadine (Symmetrel)
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Dopamine and Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
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Dopamine and Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Pramipexole (Mirapex)
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Dopamine and Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Ropinirole (Requip)
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Dopamine and Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Selegiline (Eldepryl)
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MAO inhibitor and for parkinsonism
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Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
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Anticonvulsants
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Clonazepam (Klonopin)
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Anticonvulsants
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Diazepam (Valium)
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Anticonvulsants
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Lorazepam (Ativan)
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Anticonvulsants
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Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
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Anticonvulsants
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Felbamate (Felbatol)
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Anticonvulsants
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Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
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Anticonvulsants
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Fosphenytoin
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*water soluble unlike Phenytoin and cost more. Anticonvulsant
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Gabapentine (Nuerontin)
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Anticonvulsants
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Phenobarbital (Luminal)
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Anticonvulsants
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Phenytoin (Dilantin)
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Anticonvulsants. comes in IV. petit mal = no compulsive seizures
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Primidone (Mysoline)
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Anticonvulsants
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Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
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Amphetamine Stimulant
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Diethylpropion (Tenuate)
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Anorectic Agent -Stimulant
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Sibutramine (Meridia)
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Anorectic Agent -Stimulant
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Phentermine (Ionamin, Fastin)
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Anorectic Agent -Stimulant * Pulmonary Hypertention = from pt. who take this with another agent.
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Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
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Hyperkinetic Treatment- Stimulant
the difference b/w ritalin and concerta is the Dose |
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Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)
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Hyperkinetic Treatment- Stimulant
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Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
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Hyperkinetic Treatment- Stimulant
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Doxapram (Dopram)
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Analeptic Agent -Stimulant
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Baclofen (Lioresal)
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Muscle Relaxant - *spinal cord injury. no motor control and long term use
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Carisoprodol (Soma)
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Muscle Relaxant - *Very abused --> gets converted to controlled substance but federal gov. does not call it controlled (in Cali)
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Chlorzoxazone (Parafon DSC)
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*Muscle Relaxant
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Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
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Muscle Relaxant -* should not be used for more than 10 days. anticholinergic properties
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Dantrolene (Dantrium)
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Muscle Relaxant -* antidote. must be ready for pts. with malignant hypothermia and neuroleptic hyperthermia.
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Diazepam (Valium)
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Muscle Relaxant - approved as muscle relaxant also (sedative)
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Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
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Muscle Relaxant
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Orphenadrine (Norflex)
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Muscle Relaxant
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methylphenidate is in what Schedule?
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Sched. II
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Parkinson's disease?
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Chronic progressive motor disorder (tremor at rest, rigidity -difficult to initiate movement, "frozen" state)
Secondary signs- slurred speech, stooped posture, shuffling gait, pill rolling motion, depressed, apathetic |
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Etiology of Parkinson's disease?
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Unknown
Viral Theories (Influenza virus) Cerebral Hypoxia (atherosclerosis) EPS side effects from antipsych agents |
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Physiological causes of Parkinson's
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Dysfunction of basal ganglia of brain (controls EPS)
Reduction of number of dopamine terminals in substantia nigra Imabalance of neurotransmitters Dopamine and Acetylcholine |
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Treatment Choices for Parkinson's
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Antihistamines
Anticholinergics Dopa Dopa/Carbidopa Dopamine Receptor Stimulants |
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Anticholinergics (for parkinson's)
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Therapeutic Uses : -minimal symptoms, but adjunct therapy
-EPS Mechanism of Action: -blocks Ach receptors (remember imbalance problem) Side Effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation |
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Antihistamines (for parkinson's)
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Therapeutic Uses: -elderly male (urinary retention)
-EPS Mechanism of Action: -anticholinergic properties (same when it is used to treat cold. it's used for its anticholinergic properties) |
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DOPA Pharmacokinetics
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DOPA can cross BBB, but no Dopamine.
95% of DOPA dose is metabolized to dopamine prior to crossing BBB -- to make it worst, Vitamin B6 induces decarboxylase enzyme (enzyme that converts Dopa to Dopamine), again prior to crossing BBB. Solution: Carbidopa which blocks decarboxylase enzyme. ---PROS: decrease dose and side effects, and also decrease chance of "frozen" state |
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DOPA effects
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Therapeutic Uses: -relieves rigidity, decrease tremor and enhances mood. -No effect on EPS
Side effects: -orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmogenic, nausea/vomiting, psych disturbance, on/off Limited dose=decrease side effects |
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DOPA contraindications
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-narrow angle glaucoma
-acute psychosis -melanoma |
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AMANTADINE*
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-Parkinson's med.
-stimulates DOPA receptor -antiviral properties (influenza type A -useful in preventing flu but does not work with Type B) Side effects: -insomnia, depression, orthostatic hypotension |
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Anticonvulsant Mechanism of Action
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Prevent excessive discharge of abnormal neurons
Prevent discharge of normal neurons adjacent to abnormal area Raise Threshold of stimulation (decrease stimulation) Activate inhibitory pathways |
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Phenytoin (Dilantin)
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Therapeutic Uses:
-generalized non-convulsive seizures (petit mal) -febrile seizures -generalized convulsive seizures (gran mal) -seizures following withdrawal of short acting barbituates |
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Phenytoin side effects
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-hyperplasia of gums (must clean and massage everyday)
-dermatitis/skin rash -hirsuitism -GI upset + nausea/vomiting -sedation -tolerance develops to this side effect |
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Phenytoin Toxicities and Food/Drug interaction
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Toxicities: -Nystagmus is early sign (increase blood levels of drug)
Food/Drug Interaction: -Folic acid supplement may be needed (anemia develops with low folic acid) |
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Barbituates (anticonvulsants)
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Primidone is converted to Phenobarbital (it's a PRO drug -not a drug until it liver converts it to a drug)
Phenobarbital is Sched. IV Therapeutic Uses: -Febrile seizures, convulsant seizures, Barbituate withdrawal seizures |
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Barbituate Properties; Side effects and drug interactions
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Side effects: sedation
Drug int.- Hepatic induction -> stimulates metabolism of other agents including other anticonvulsant agents (speeds up) |
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Hepatic induction
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Stimulates metabolism of other agents.
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Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
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Therapeutic Use: -general non-convulsant seizures (petit mal)
Side Effects -sedation, headache, dizziness |
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Divalproex (Depakote)
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Therapeutic Use- febrile seizures, non convulsant seizures, and convulsant seizures
Side effects: sedation (also used as Bipolar therapy alternative) |
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Bezodiazepines (examples of anticonvulsants)
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Clonazepam
Lorazepam/Diazepam |
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Clonazepam (Klonopin)
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Anticonvulsant (abused heavily --therapeutic properties)
Always used as ADJUNCT therapy only Tolerance develops to therapeutic properties |
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Lorazepam/Diazepam
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anticonvulsants
IV use for status epilepticus (Diazepam is slow push, Lorazepam is short acting found in the fridge/crashcart) |
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Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
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Anticonvulsant
Toxicity: Bone marrow depression -decrease WBC Therapeutic use: -partial seizures and neurologic pain, chronic pain like fibromyalgia |
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Misc. Anticonvulsant therapy
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Fosphenytoin - IV admin. of phenytoin (very expensive)
Gabapentin (Neurontin) -Adjunct therapy for partial seizures, neurologic pain |
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Name 3 anticolinergic drugs used for Parkinsons
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Benztropine (Cogentin)
Biperiden (Akineton) Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) BBT* |
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Name 1 antihistaminic drug for Parkinsonism
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Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
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Name 6 Dopamine/Dopamine Agonists for Parkinsonism
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Levodopa (Larodopa, L-dopa)
Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet) Amantadine (Symmetrel) Bromocriptine (Parlodel) Pramipexole (Mirapex) Ropinirole (Requip) CARBPL ** |
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Inhibitor of MAO used for Parkinsonism
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Selegiline (Eldepryl)
helps prevent break down of Dopamine not for depression and does not have the drug/food interactions |
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Name 13 Anticonvulsant Drugs
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Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Divalproex (Depakote) Clonazepam (Klonopin) Diazepam (Valium) Phenytoin (Dilantin) Fosphenytoin Phenobarbital (Luminal) Primidone (Mysoline) Gabapentin (Neurontin) Lamotrigine (Lamictal) Felbamate (Felbatol) Ethosuximide (Zarontin) Lorazepam (Ativan) |
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Fosphenytoin is...
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water soluble unlike Phenytoin, and costs more.
IV |
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Biochem cause of Psychosis?
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overproduction of Dopamine --solution is drugs that block Dopamine receptors
Overstimulation or DA receptors causes hallucinations |
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Biochem cosiderations for Psychosis
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Imbalance -- too much DA and too little Ach --Solution: Ach should increase OR decrease DA concentration but this route could result in EPS because of too high Ach (another solution to this is anticholinergic)
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Imbalance symptoms of DA/Ach? (in psychosis)
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EPS
Acute dystonic Reaction Tardive Dyskinesia (not treatable adverse reaction) |
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Therapeutic side effects of Antipsychs
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sedation, hypnotics, hypotension, tachycardia, photosensitivity, decrease seizure threshold (prone to seizures), anticholinergic ----> dry mouth, constipation, fluid retention, dry eyes..)
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Biochem cause for depression
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Inadequate concentration of NE and/or Serotonin
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Therapeutic Options for Depression
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Block Reuptake of NE and/or Serotonin
Block MOA enzyme (MOA inhibitor) |
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Therapeutic Properties for depression
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onset of action is 2-3 weeks
Sedation Aticholinergic Properties (blocks action of Ach) Arrythmogenic Properties (increase Ach=cardiac arrythmias) |
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Therapeutic Uses for depression
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endogenous depression
enuresis (inability to control the flow of urine) |
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Manic symptoms
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elation, excitement, rapid passing of ideas, unstable attention span --->opposite of depression
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Biochem imbalance for Mania
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too much NE concentration =MANIC
Solution = increase reuptake of NE --> LITHIUM |
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Lithium properties
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onset 5-6 days.
Side effects --GI upset, replaces Na, Tiredness, polydipsia, polyuria, fine hand tremor Toxicities = low therapeutic index= higher dose Drug interactions =diuretics |
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Alternative therapy for Bipolar
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Anticonvulsants useful to treat bipolar : Tegretol and Depakote
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Wernicke's disease
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reversible memory loss treated with B vitamins (seen in alcoholic pts. )
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Korsakoff's Disease
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irreversible memory and learning loss (caused by alcohol)
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Consequences of Alcohol use
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fetal alcohol syndrome
inhibition of antidiuretic hormone withdrawal -agitation, tremor, anxiety, insomnia, hallucinations, seizure |
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Abstinence therapy for Alcohol
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Disulfiram
-competes with alcohol metabolic pathways -toxicities with alcohol use =flushing vomiting, decrease resp., syncope, arrhythmias, cardio collapse, seizures side effects= depression, headache, metallic taste avoid elixirs |
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Stimulants Pharm.
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CNS:
-stimulation: sleeplessness, restlessness ---> used for narcoleptics -decreased appetite--only lasts for 6 weeks. body becomes tolerant -counteract depressant agents (Barbituates, alcohol,..) does not treat depression* |
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Stimulants (psychosocial)
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euphoria, increase self confidenc, decreased fatigue
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Adverse reactions of stimulants
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addiction potential/withdrawal: fatigue, depression, suicidal, paranoia
toxicities: arrythmias, seizures (too much stimulation to the brian/heart) coma |
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Therapeutic use
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Weight loss
Narcolepsy (can be long term) Enuresis |
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Anorectic Agents
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Beta and DA agonist (when these are stimulated =decrease appetite)
Tolerance can develop Pscyh and phys. dependence Contraindication -HTN, cardio disease, epilepsy (with stimulants =prone to seizures) |
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ADD
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Phys. overactive
short attention span impulsiveness greater incidence in males |
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Stimulant pharm for ADD (treatment)
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psych and education
hyperkinetic treatment meds are STIMULANTS (why? =theory is it works on specific part of the brain that causes one to focus and concentrate) -contraindicated epilepsy/HTN -side effects- anorexia, dizziness, dependence -methylphenidate (sched. II) |
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Analeptic Agents
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induces seizures (but now electricity is used)
therapeutic use:-stimulate resp drive at doses just below inducing seizures, -treatment for overdose, -hasten recovery from anesthesia, -acute resp. insufficiency in COPD |
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Treatment for COPD, recovery from anesthesia, overdose...?
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Analeptic agents
Doxapram (Dopram) |
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Central Muscle relaxants: mechanism of action and side effects/adverse reactions?
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mechanism of action: central depressant with selective action for skeletal muscle relaxation ---Brain --> CNS tells muscles what to do -- slow down brain=to send less signals to the muscle
side effects: drowsiness, weakness, mental clouding |
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agents with questionable efficacy (muscle relaxants)
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probable more effect on sedation than muscle relaxation*
Carisoprodol (Soma) Chlorzoxazone (Parafon DSC) Methocarbamol (Robaxin) Orphenadrine (Norflex) |
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Agents with probable effectiveness (muscle relaxants)
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diazepam
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) --short term use. NO MORE THAN 10 days! Anticholinergic properties Baclofen (Lioresal) --spinal cord injury pts. no motor control. for long term use |
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Dantrolene (Dantrium)
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muscle relaxant
also antedote for pts. with malignant hyperthermia (secondary to general anesthetics) and neuroleptic hyperthermia (secondary to atipsych agents) ---muscles contract too much producing increase heat in the body. |
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Name 3 anorectic agents stimulants
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diethylpropion (tenuate)
sibutramine (meridia) phentermine (ionamin, fastin) |
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Name 3 hyperkinetic treatment stimulants
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Methylphenidate (ritalin and concerta)
dexmethylphenidate (focalin) lisdexamfetamine (vyvanse) |
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list 1 analeptic agent stimulant
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Doxapram (dopram) -stimulate brain but dose just below analeptic/seizure
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name 8 muscle relaxants
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baclofen (lioresal)
carisoprodol (soma) chlorzoxaxone (parafon DSC) cyclobenzaprine (flexeril) dantrolene (dantrium) diazepam (valium) methocarbamol (robaxin) orphenadrine (norflex) |
