Pharmacology - Nervous System

Front 1

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system

Back 1

1. Central Nervous System
2. Peripheral Nervous System

Front 2

What does the Central Nervous System control?

Back 2

Brain and spinal cord

Front 3

What does the Peripheral Nervous System control?

Back 3

All Nervous tissue outside the Central Nervous System - sensory and motor neurons.

Front 4

What are the two types of neurons of the peripheral nervous system?

Back 4

1. Motor Neurons
2. Sensory Neurons

Front 5

What are two systems that include motor neurons?

Back 5

1. Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary movements)
2. Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary response)

Front 6

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 6

1. Sympathetic (Fight or flight)
2. Parasympathetic (Rest and digest)

Front 7

The "Fight or Flight" response is due to the activation of which system?

Back 7

Sympathetic division

Front 8

Which receptors are found only as part of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 8

Alpha & Beta Adrenergic receptors.

Front 9

What are the endogenous ligands of the Alpha & Beta Adrenergic receptors.

Back 9

1. Receptor
2. G-Protein binds with guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
3. Effector that is either an enzyme or an ion channel.

Front 10

Which receptors are found in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 10

Cholinergic receptors.

Front 11

If you see a bear in the woods, what is released and which receptors are activated?

Back 11

Adrenaline is released and SNS receptors are activated.

Front 12

What happens during fight or flight to the pupils?

Back 12

They become dilated

Front 13

What happens during fight or flight to salivation

Back 13

It is inhibited

Front 14

What happens during fight or flight to the heart

Back 14

Heart rate is accelerated

Front 15

What happens during fight or flight to breathing

Back 15

Increased repiration

Front 16

What happens during fight or flight to digestion

Back 16

It is slowed/inhibits

Front 17

What happens during fight or flight to the bladder

Back 17

Relaxes bladder

Front 18

What happens during fight or flight to the sex organs?

Back 18

Inhibits sex organs

Front 19

What happens during rest and digest to the pupils?

Back 19

They become constricted.

Front 20

What happens during rest and digest to salivation?

Back 20

Salivation is stimulated.

Front 21

What happens during rest and digest to the heart?

Back 21

Heart rate is slowed.

Front 22

What happens during rest and digest to breathing

Back 22

Breathing is constricted/rate is reduced

Front 23

What happens during rest and digest to digestion?

Back 23

Digestion is stimulated

Front 24

What happens during rest and digest to the gallbladder?

Back 24

The gallbladder is stimulated

Front 25

What happens during rest and digest to the sex organs?

Back 25

The sex organs are stimulated

Front 26

Adrenergic agents do what?

Back 26

Stimulate Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 27

Adrenergic blocking agents do what?

Back 27

Inhibit Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 28

Cholinergic agents do what?

Back 28

Stimulate parasympathetic nervous system

Front 29

Cholinergic-blocking agents do what?

Back 29

Inhibit parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 30

What is a synapse?

Back 30

The space within a juncture of neurons

Front 31

What is a ganglion?

Back 31

The connection of the two neurons outside the CNS

Front 32

What are the catecholamines and what do they do?

Back 32

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

-They produce a sympathomimentic response

Front 33

What is the post-synaptic receptor(s) at the ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 33

Cholinergic receptor (nicotinic)

Front 34

What is the post-synaptic receptor(s) at the ganglion in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 34

Cholinergic receptor (nicotinic)

Front 35

What is the post-synaptic receptor(s) at the tissues in the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 35

Adrenergic receptor (Alpha or Beta)

Front 36

What is the post-synaptic receptor(s) at the tissues in the parasympathetic nervous system

Back 36

Cholinergic receptor (Muscarinic)

Front 37

Where are the alpha-2 receptors located?

Back 37

They are located at the presynaptic adrenergic neuron terminals.

Front 38

What is the function of the alpha-2 receptors?

Back 38

Activation inhibits the release of norepinephrine.

Front 39

If you have an alpha-2 receptor antagonist, will you have a flight or fight response, or the opposite.

Back 39

An alpha 2 antagonist will cause the fight or flight response.

Front 40

Where is the norepinephrine synthesized?

Back 40

In the nerve terminal. It requires the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Front 41

What amino acids does norepinephrine need to synthesize

Back 41

Phenylalanine and tyrosine.

Front 42

What is the fate of norpinephrine after it is released and acts on the receptor

Back 42

It may be returned to vesicles for future use, or destroyed anzymatically by monoamine oxidase.

Front 43

Where are the Beta 1 receptors found and what do they do in response to sympathetic stimulation?

Back 43

They are found in the heart and kidneys.
Activation of Beta-1 receptors increases heart rate and the force of contraction of the heart. Also increases release of renin.

Front 44

What are the five ways by which a drug can affect synaptic transmission?

Back 44

1. It can affect the synthesis of the neurotransmitter in the presynaptic nerve.
2. Prevents the storage of the neurotransmitter in the vesicles within the presynaptic nerve
3. Influence release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic nerve.
4. Prevent the normal destruction or reuptake of the neurotransmitter
5. Bind to the receptor site on the postsynaptic target tissue

Front 45

What kind of receptors are adrenergic recepters?

Back 45

Norepinephrine
Alpha 1&2, Beta 1&2

Front 46

What kind of receptors are nicotinic receptors

Back 46

Acetylcholine (Cholinergic)
-Nicotinic
-Muscarinic

Front 47

How does phenylephrine work?

Back 47

It is a selective alpha-adrenergic agonist that stimulates the CNS when administered parenterally.

Front 48

How does phenylephrine relate to the action of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 48

It stimulates alpha receptors, causing release of adrenaline.

Front 49

What is a sympathomimetic?

Back 49

A drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system directly or indirectly.

Front 50

What is an adrenergic blocking agent?

Back 50

It inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, causing the rest and digest response.

Front 51

How does prazosin work?

Back 51

It inhibits the somatic nervous system. It is a selective Alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that competes with norepinephrine and it's receptors

Front 52

what are the adverse effects of prazosin?

Back 52

Dizziness, drowsiness, headache, loss of energy and strength, palpitations, and dry mouth.

Front 53

Terazosin is used for what?

Back 53

Mild to moderate hypertension

Front 54

What medication interaction could be a problem with terzosin?

Back 54

NSAID's, Sympathomimetics or estrogens (can decrease effects)

Front 55

What do Beta-1 blockers affect

Back 55

Heart and kidneys

Front 56

What do Beta-2 blockers affect?

Back 56

Smooth muscles - everything except heart and kidneys.

Front 57

How does bethanechol work?

Back 57

It interacts with muscarinic receptors to cause actions typical of parasympathetic stimulation.

Front 58

What is the fate of acetylcholine after it is released and acts on its receptor?

Back 58

It is rapidly destroyed by AchE

Front 59

If someone is given an AchE inhibitor will the result be similar to fight or flight or rest and digest?

Back 59

Rest and digest.

Front 60

If someone is given a cholinergic agent, what side effects might be expected?

Back 60

SLUD and DUMBELLS

Front 61

SLUD

Back 61

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defication

Front 62

DUMBELLS

Back 62

Diarrhea & abdominal cramping
Urination
Miosis (pinpoint pupils)
Bradycardia (muscarinic) or tachycardia (nicotinic)
Emesis
Lacrimation
Lethargy
Salivation