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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two phases of of the immune response?
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induction phase, and the effector phase.
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What are the two components of effector phase of the immune response?
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antibody-mediated component and cell mediated component.
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What are the key cells of the immune response?
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lymphocytes
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What are the two main types of lymphocytes?
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B-cells and T-cells
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What cytokine drive the differentiation of ThP and Th1 cells.
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interleukin-2 (IL-2)
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What conditions are associated with an inappropriate Th1 response?
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rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, aplastic anaemia, insulin-dependent diabetes, allograft rejection.
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What conditions are associated with an inappropriate Th2 response?
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allergic (hypersensitivity) conditions.
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What is an Autoimmune response?
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where immune response is directed against the bodies own tissues.
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What cells produce antibodies?
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Plasma cells
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What is the function of the Fab part of an antibody?
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recognise and interact with invading organism
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What is the function of the Fc part of the antibody?
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trigger one or more of the host defences once antibody is joined to invading pathogen with the
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In immediate hypersensitivity what antibody is evoked and fixes with mast cells?
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IgE
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How many histamine receptors are there?
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2: H1 and H2
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What happens when H1 receptors are activated?
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Vasodilation, increased permeability of post capillary venules, contraction of smooth muscle.
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What pathways to immunity do Th1 and Th2 cells belong to?
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Th1-to cell mediated immunity, Th2-to antibody mediated (stimulating B-cells to P-cells which generate antibody)
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What conditions are linked to an inappropriate Th1 response?
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Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, aplastic anaemia, insulin dependent diabetes, allograft rejection.
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What conditions are linked to an inappropriate Th2 response?
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Allergic (hypersensitivity) conditions.
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What are the two effects of the Th1 cells in cell-mediated immunity?
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1) Produce cytokines that activate macrophages (kill intracellular organisms).
2) Stimulate CD8+Tcells to proliferate-production of cytotoxic T-cells-kill virally infected hosts. |
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What is the function of the Fab ends of antibodies?
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recognise and interact with invading pathogen.
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What is the function of the Fc ends of antibodies?
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Trigger one or more of the host defences.
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What in terms of immune response does histamine mediate.
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acute inflammation, immediate hypersensitivity
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By what mechanism does grass pollen cause immediate hypersensitivity?
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IgE is evoked by a non-noxious agent>fixes to mast cells>later contact causes mast cell to release various mediators including histamine.
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What are the different types of histamine receptor?
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H1 (immune response) and H2 (GI?) H3+H4 nobody knows what the fuck is going on.
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What are the effects of H1 activation?
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vasodilation, increased permeability of postcapillary venules.
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Give two examples of Antihistamines?
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Promethazine and Cetirizine
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What are the difference between Promethazine and Cetirizine?
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Promethazine is an older drug, crosses the blood-brain barrier and thus cause drowsiness, it also has antimuscarinic effects (dry mouth, blurring of mouth, constipation, and urine retention)
Cetirizine= not across blood-brain barrier, less sedation. longer duration of action. |
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What are the main side effects of antihistamines?
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sedative, antimuscarinic, GI disturbances.
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What is the term used to describe antirheumatoid drugs? What is there effect on the disease?
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Disease modifying antirheumatoid drugs (DMARDs) alleviate symptoms but not do not stop progression of disease.
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