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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absorption of PO drugs depends on...
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- o/w partition coefficient
pH/pKa relationship pharmaceutical preparation dilution particle size |
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physiological factors affecting drug absorption
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stomach pH
gastric emptying time mucosal barrier absorptive surface (large surface of SI very important) |
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special considerations for ruminant: absorption
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volume
lots of saliva microbes pH/pKa motility |
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specific therapeutic goals of GI
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induction or control of emesis
control of gastric acid and/or treatment of ulcers weight loss increase GI transport treatment of the manifestations of diarrhea management of visceral pain/inflam. |
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locally acting antiemetics
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only possibly effective
given by PO route protectants/demulcents/adsorbents ex. sucralfate (aluminum salt + sucrose) antacids may work but only if emesis is acid-related |
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antiemetics acting via the nervous system
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antidopaminergic agents
anticholinergics antihistamines serotonin antagonists neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists |
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increased acid is caused by...
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gastrin, ACh, histamine
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antacids
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---(H+ binders) neutralization of hydrogen ion by Al, Ca, and Mg salts in tablets or suspension
---H2 receptor antagonists |
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mucous membrane protectants
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agents that bind to the lining of the gi tract
ex. sucrulfate (contains NSAID) prostaglandin E to increase mucous production ex. misoprostol (nsaid induced ulcers) |
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Proton pump inhibitors
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ex. omeprazole -equine drug given once a day PO
-there can be an issue if not able to give PO b/c injectable is not very stable covalent bonding - not reversible weak base, stay in parietal cell efficacious and safe long acting metab. by ME |
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Goal: weight loss
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decrease fat production and/or absorption
---soft stool, maybe diarrhea, possible leaking for seriously obese dogs esp. if contributing to osteoarthritis and resp. or cardiac disease |
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increase GI transport
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1. through action on the NS
--- parasympathomimetics: nonspecific, many ANS SE cause cramping due to incoordinated increased motility 2. prokinetic drugs have actions beyond those on the PNS ----work by promoting ACh release short duration (ex. metoclopramide) |
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3 types of laxatives
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volume increaser
lubricants/surfactants irritants |
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volume increasers
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use salts or colloids to increase volume
activate mechanoreceptors SE- some absorption 1. osmotic agents (ex. polyethylene glycol) 2. bulking agents are hydrophylic colloids (ex. metamucil) |
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lubricants/surfactants
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grease fecal mass
not absorbed 1. oils: (bowel leaks, decrease vit. a and d absorption) 2. surfactants: stool softeners (increase fecal volume by increasing water in feces) |
