Pharmacology Charlie 2

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additive effects

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combination of 2 or more drugs w similar actions is equal to the sum of individual effects of the same drugs given alone. 1+1=2

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Adverse drug event

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undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a medication

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Adverse drug reaction

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unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose).

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Agonist

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a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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allergic reaction

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an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication

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Antagonist

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a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body (inhibitors )

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antagonistic effects

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the effect of the combination of 2 or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking/reducing) effect of one drug on another

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Bioavailability

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a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route

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biotransformation

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(metabolism). occurs mainly in the liver . produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active from a parent drug

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Blood-Brain barrier

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barrier system that restrics the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. it still allows for passage of essentials (oxygen)

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Chemical name

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the name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drugm

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Contraindication

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any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable.

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Cytochrome

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the general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

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Dependence

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compulsive or chronic need for a drug

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dissolution

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solid drug disintegration in the GI Tract in which drugs become more soluble before being absorbed into circulation

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drug

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any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

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drug actions

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process involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells . aka mechanism of action

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drug classification

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method of grouping drugs; based on drug or therapeutic use

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drug effects

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physiologic reactions if the body to a drug. therapeutic or toxic. how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. (onset, peak, & duration )

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drug induced teratogenesis

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(pregnancy)development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the effects of drugs

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drug interactions

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alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by presence of one or more additional drugs; related to the enzymes required for metabolism of involved drugs

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duration of action

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the length of time the concentration if a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

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Enzymes

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*break down*protein molecules that catalyze one of more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body's physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

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First-pass effect

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initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through bloodstream

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Generic Name

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the name given to a drug by the U.S. adopted names counci. nonproprietary name. shorter, simpler, not protected by a trademark

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G6PD (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)

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hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

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Half-life

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pharmacokinetics, the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated by the body. the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

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Idiosyncratic reaction

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abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that I'd peculiar to an individual patient.

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Incompatibility

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characteristic that causes 2 parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

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Intraarterial

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within an artery

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Intraarticular

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within a joint

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intrathecal

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within a sheath (spinal cord)

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Medication error

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any preventable adverse drug event

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Medication use process

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prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

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Metabolite

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Chemical form of a drug that's the product of one or more metabolic reaction s involving the parent drug. Active have pharmacologic activity. Inactive do not

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Onset of action

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the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

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Parent drug

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chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body's biochemical reactions into its active or inactive metabolites

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peak effect

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time time required for a drug to retea changed its maximum therapeutic response in the body

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peak level

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maximum concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring.

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pharmaceutics

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the science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

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Pharmacodynamics

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the study of biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity. it examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors

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Pharmacoeconomics

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the study of ececonomic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy

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Pharmacogenomics

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study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes.

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Pharmacognosy

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the study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

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pharmacokinetics

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Represent the drug ABSORPTION into , DISTRIBUTION and METABOLITES within, and EXCRETION from the body. the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

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Pharmacology

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broadest term for the study or science of drugs

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Pharmacotherapeutics

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the treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs.

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Prodrug

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An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once inside the body

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Receptor

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A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind specific substances (drug molecules) and one or more corresponding cellular effects ( drug actions) occurs as a result of this drug-receptor interaction

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steady state

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the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed w each dose

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Substrates

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substances on which an enzyme acts

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Synergistic effects

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drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two orbmore drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

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therapeutic drug monitoring

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the process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow adjustments of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

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therapeutic effect

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the desired or intended effect of a particular medication

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therapeutic index

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the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

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Tolerance

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reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

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Toxic

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the quality of being poisonous

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Toxicity

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the condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities

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Toxicology

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the study of poisons, including toxic drug effects and applicable treatments

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Trade name

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the commercial name given to a drug product by it its manufacturer; also called a proprietary name

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Trough level

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lowest concentration of drug reached in body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring