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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What must be present before any med can be prescribed |
VCPR |
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What are some drug sources |
Botanical Animal Minerals Synthetic |
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What is part of a regimen |
Route
Dosage Frequency Duration |
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What is pharmacotherapeutics |
Treating a problem with drugs |
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What are the methods of drug selection |
Diagnostic Empirical Symptomatic Cost Owner compliance |
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What are the different classifications of drugs |
Prescription Extra-label use Over-the-counter |
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What is extra-label use |
Used in a way not specified by the FDA |
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What is pharmacokinetics |
Complex sequence of events that occur after administration of a drug |
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What is a loading dose |
Drug is administered at a high dose until an appropriate blood level is reached |
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What is a steady state |
The point at which drug accumulation equals drug elimination |
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What can influence blood concentration and patient response |
Rate of drug absorption into bloodstream Amount of drug absorbed Distribution of drug throughout the body Drug metabolism and biotransformation Rate and route of excretion |
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What are the factors that influence drug administration routes |
Pharmaceutic availability Physical or chemical properties How quickly onset of action should occur Patient tolerance Nature of condition being treated |
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What will influence absorption of oral meds |
pH of drug Solubility Size and shape of molecule Presence or absence of food Degree of GI motility Presence and nature of disease processes |
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What is a parenteral administration |
Any injectable drug |
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What should never be given IV |
Oil-based drugs Cloud or thick drugs |
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What should never be given IM |
Irritating drugs |
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What should never be given SQ |
Irritating or hyperosmotic solutions |
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What is a intramedullary injection |
Directly into bone marrow |
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What is a intrathecal injection |
Directly into CSF |
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What is bioavailability |
The degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation |
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What can affect absorption |
Manufacturing process Mechanism of absorption pH and ionization status of drug Absorptive surface of the site Blood supply to area Solubility of drug Dosage form Status of GI tract Interaction w other meds |
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What are the three methods of absorption |
Passive absorption Active transport Pinocytosis |
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What is pinocytosis |
Cells engulf molecules by having their cell membranes to form a vesicle |
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What are possible storage sites |
Fat Liver Kidney Bone |
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What are barriers |
Placenta Blood/Brain The eyes |
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What are some disease that interfere with distribution |
Abscesses Heart failure Shock Kidney failure Liver failure |
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What is biotransformation |
The body's ability to change a drug from chemical form into a form that can be eliminated by the body |
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Where does most biotransformation occur |
Liver |
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Where are other sites of biotransformation |
Bile (biliary system) Kidney Lung Nervous system |
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What can alter drug metabolism |
Species Age Nutritional Status Tissue storage Health status |
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What is the first pass effect |
Orally administered drugs are removed by the liver before they are able to affect the rest of the body |
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What is a drug half-life |
Time required for the amount of a drug present in the body to be reduce by half |
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What is pharmacodynamics |
The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body |
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What is affinity |
Tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor |
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what is an agonist |
A drug with a high level of affinity and efficacy |
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What is a partial agonist |
A drug with less affinity and efficacy |
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What is an antagonist |
A drug that blocks another drug form combining with a receptor |
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What is potency |
The amount of drug needed to produce a desired response |
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What is efficacy |
The degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a pt |
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Increasing a drug once efficacy has been reached does what |
Does NOT improve the effect |
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What is a therapeutic index |
The relationship bw a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects |
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If a drug has a low therapeutic index it means |
There is a high risk of toxic effects |
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What are the blood proteins that can bind with drugs |
Albumin Lipoproteins Glycoproteins x,b, y globulins |
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What can affect protein binding |
Amount of proteins available Quality of proteins |
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Why is protein binding important |
Helps prevent toxicity |
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What is a adverse drug reaction |
Undesirable response to a drug that can range from mild to deadly |
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What is a drug interaction |
an altered pharmacologic response to a drug that is caused by the presence of a second drug |
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What are the different types of drug interactions |
Pharmacokinetic Pharmacodynamic Pharmaceutic |
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What is a pharmacokinetic interaction |
Plasma or tissue levels of drugs are altered due to changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion
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What is pharmacodynamic interaction |
The action or effect of one drug is altered by another |
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What is pharmaceutic interaction |
Physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing two drugs in one container |
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What are the names of a drug |
Chemical name-chemical structure Code/laboratory-Abbreviations and code # Compendial-Name listed in USP Official-Same as Compendial Proprietary-Name chosen by manufacturer Generic-Common Name(same as official or compendial) |
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What must be on a drug label |
Drug name(generic and trade) Concentration and quanity Name and address of manufacturer Controlled sub status Manufacturer's control or lot number Drug's expiration date Instructions for use and warning of possible adverse effects Withdrawal time |
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What does the FDA regulate |
The development and approval of animal drugs and feed additives through center for veterinary medicine |
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What does the EPA regulates |
Development and approval of animal topical pesticides |
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What does the USDA regulate |
Development and approval of biologics |
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What information is found in FARAD |
Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank |
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What did the AMDUCA approved |
The extralabel use of approved veterinary drugs |
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What conditions are needed for compounded |
Identification of legitimate veterinary medical need Need for an appropriate regimen for particular species, size, gender, or medical condition Lack of an approved animal or human drug that when used as labeled will treat condition Too long a time interval for securing the drug to treat the condition |
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What did the veterinary feed directive acomplished |
The needed of a VFD issued by a veterinarian to use antimicrobial animal feed additives |
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What is the AVMA recommendation of handling unwanted drugs |
Incineration Landfill Reverse distributors |
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Adverse drug event |
Harm to a pt caused by a therapeutic or preventive intervention |
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Adverse drug reaction |
An usdesirable response to a drug by a pt
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Agonist |
A drug that brings about a specific action by binding with the appropriate receptor
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Antagonist |
A drug that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor
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Compounding |
Any manipulation performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulation described in the directions for use on the labeling of an approved drug product
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Drug |
A sub used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
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Efficacy |
The extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a pt
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Extralabel use |
The use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved label
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Half life |
The amount of time that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50% |
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Metabolism (biotransformation |
The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body |
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Parenteral |
The route of administration of injectable drugs
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Partition coefficient |
The ratio of the solubility of sub bw two states in which they may be found
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Prescription drug |
A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations |
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Regimen |
A program for administration of a drug that includes the route, the dose, the frequency, and the duration of administration
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Residue |
An amount of a drug still present in animal tissue or products at a particular point
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Veterinarian-client-patient relationship |
The set of circumstances that must exist bw the veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate
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Withdrawal time |
The length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated form animal tissue or products after it is no longer used |
