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17 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Catecholamines
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Catecholamines are "fight-or-flight" hormones released by adrenal glands in response to stress; part of sympathetic NS.
In humans, most abundant catecholamines are EPI, NOR, and dopamine, all of which are produced from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Various stimulant drugs are catecholamine analogs. |
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Dromotropic
what subst positive dromotrophic? what subst negative dromotrophic? |
agent affects conduction speed (e.g. in AV node), and rate of electrical impulses in heart.
E and NE have positive dromotropic affects, ACh has neg dromotropic affects (in atrium only) dromo- means running |
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What type of drug?
Dopamine |
Adrenergic agonist (Catecholamine)
Dopamine (Dopram) would be considered: antiarrythmic drug, positive inotropic drug, vasodilator, diuretic |
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What drug would be given to an animal with an irregular heartbeat?
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Antiarrhythmic
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inotropic
what substance have postive/negative ino affects? |
affecting the FORCE (strength) OF muscle contraction, or "contractility.
A inotropic heart drug is one that affects the force with which the heart muscle contracts. E, NE, digitalis, Dopamine have positive inotropic affects acetylcholine has negative inotropic affects (BUT only in atria!) (from Greek in-, meaning fibre or sinew) |
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adrenergic
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reffering to compounds whih activate the sympathetic nervous system
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Norepinephrine andAtropine Epinephrine are what class?
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Adrenergic agonist (Catecholamine)
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Atropine
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Cholinergic antagonist - muscarinic blocker
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Methacholine
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* Cholinergic agonist - choline ester
* infrequently used in veterinary medicine |
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Muscarinic receptors
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Muscarinic = acetylcholine receptor
- stimulated by acetylcholine released from postganglionic fibers in PNS - named b/c more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine |
ACh is always used as the transmitter within the autonomic ganglion. Nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron are responsible for the initial fast depolarization (Fast EPSP) of that neuron. As a consequence of this, nicotinic receptors are often cited as the receptor on the postganglionic neurons at the ganglion. However, the subsequent hyperpolarization (IPSP) and slow depolarization (Slow EPSP) that represent the recovery of the postganglionic neuron from stimulation are actually mediated by muscarinic receptors, types M2 and M1 respectively (discussed below).
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Cholinergic
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Refers to anything associated with Ach e.g. receptors
CHOLINE is a primary component of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter PNS -> cholinergic >sympathetic NS can also use Ach, but mosty use nor/epinephrine as neurotransmitters along w/adrenergic α1 and β1 receptors. |
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sympathetic NS has what kind of neurotransmitters and receptors
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Mostly use nor/epinephrine as neurotransmitters along w/adrenergic α1 and β1 receptors.
Therefore neither muscarinic nor nicotinic receptors are involved (b/c these are cholinergic). Very few parts of the sympathetic system use cholinergic receptors (some postganglionic fibers terminating on sweat glands, which release acetylcholine, and in the kidney, which release dopamine are of the few exceptions). |
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Nicotinic receptor?
Activity (on heart and circulation)? |
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are cholinergic receptors, bound by ACh (but muscarine receptors), but activated by nicotine.
Lowers HR, lowers blood pressure |
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epinephrine is primarily where?
norepinephrine is primarily where? |
epinephrine is always in circulation
NOR is mostly nerve to nerve (check this) |
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_____ will overpower _____ response
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humeral response (circulating epinephrine) will overpower neural response.
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Acetylcholine is distinguished as the transmitter at _____?
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Acetylcholine is distinguished as the transmitter at neuromuscular junction connecting motor nerves to muscles.
Also in brain, but binds different receptors |
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hormone vs neurotransmitter?
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Hormone released CELL or GLAND, where can enter bloodstream (endocrine) or thru duct to other cell (exocrine). Target is another cell (receptor).
Neurotransmitter is released from neuron (nerve terminal). Target receptors vary. |
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