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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What the mechanisms bacteria us to adhere to the host?
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1. Pilli (Fimbrae)
2. Specific Surface Proteins (Internalin) 3. Type III Secretion Systems |
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What are the steps that bacteria use to get out of the cells they invade?
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1. Replication within the vacuole
2. lysis and vacuole and replication in the cytosol |
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What type do each of these TLR detect?
TLR2 TLR4 TLR3 TLR9 |
TLR2- Gram Negaive (not-essential) & positive (essential)
TLR4- Gram negative, not response to positive TLR3- Double stranded DNA (viruses) TLR9- Un-methylated CpG di-nucleotides |
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What are the four ways that antiboitics attack bacteria?
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1. Cell Wall
2. Metabolism 3. Cell Membrane 4. Transcription and Translation |
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Bacterialstatic
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Causes the colony of bacteria to stop growing, but does not decrease the population
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Bactericidal
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Kills the bacteria, decreasing the population size.
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What is the difference between narrow, extended, and broad spectrum drugs?
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Narrow- One class of Bacteria
Extended- Two Classes of Bacteria Broad- Many Classes of Bacteria |
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How do Beta lactam antibiotics work?
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limit bacteria to form peptidogylcan walls by inhibiting their enzymes that create them.
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What drugs that are classified as Beta-lactam antibiotics?
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1. Penicillins
2. Cephlasporins 3. Carbapenems/ Monobactams 4. Combination Therapy |
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Name the natural Penicillins?
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Penicillins V and Penicillin G
(Penicillin V is more acid-resistant and used to treat oral infections.) |
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Name the Anti-Staphylococcal antibiotics
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Methicillin
Naficillin Oxacillin Cloxacillin Dicloxacillin (Used so much lead to MRSA) |
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Name the extended spectrum penicillins
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Amoxicillin (has 100% F-oral)
Ampicillin (causes diarrhea) |
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Adverse effects of Penicillins
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1. Allergic reations
2. Diarrhea 3. Neurotoxicity (high concentrations) 4.Platelet Dysfunction (carbenicillin & penicillin G) 5. Interstitial Nephtitis |
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Mechanisms of Resistance
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1. Beta-Lactamases
2. Altered PBP's 3. Decreased permeability to drug |
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1st generation Cephlasporins
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cephalexin
cefazolin |
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2nd generation cephlasporins
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Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime Cefaclor |
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3rd generation cephlasporins
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Cefixime
Ceftriaxone Ceftazidine (penetrates bone) Cefotaxime (penetrate CSF) |
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4th genereation cephlasporins
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Cefepime
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Cephlasporin side effects
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Same as the penicillins but milder
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Carbapenems and Monobactams
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Imipenem- broadest beta-lactam
Aztreonam |
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Protein Synthesis Antibiotics and their mechanism of Action
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1. Tetracyclines- Inhibits the small 30s ribosomal unit
2. Aminoglycosides- same as tetracyclines 3. Macrolides- inhibit large subunit 4. Other Chloramphenicol-inhibits the peptidyl transferase on large subunit Clindamycin- large subunit |
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Side effects of Tetracyclines
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1. GI Irritation
2. Photosensitivity 3. Hepatic toxicity 4. Renal toxicity 5. Discoloration of teeth 6. Depressed bone growth |
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Side effects of aminoglycosides
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1. Ototoxicity
2. Nephrotoxicity 3. Paralysis |
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Marolide Side Effects
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1. Ototoxicity
2. GI Problems 3. Cholestatic Jaudice |
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Chloramphenical Adverse Effects
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1. Can inhibit protien synthesis in Humans
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Clindamycin adverse effects
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1. Diarrhea
2. Skin Rash 3. Pseudomembranous Colitis |
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Drugs that inhibit Metabolism
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1. Quinolones
2. Anti-metabolites 3. Anti-mycobacterial Agents |
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What is the mechanism of Quinolones?
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Inhibits DNA and Topoisomerase IV
Most active quinolones have a F atom |
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What are the adverse effects of Quinolones?
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1. Overall Well tolerated
2. NVD 3. Occational Headache and Diarrhea |
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What is the mechanism of Sulfonamides?
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Sulfonamides are competitive inhibitors with the enzymes that act on PABA
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What two drugs are used in combination therapy?
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Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim
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What are the drugs use for trigeminal neuralgia
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1. Carbamazepine
2. Phenytoin 3. GABApentin 4. Valproate |
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What is the mechanism of Phenytoin?
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Blocks Sodium channels
Increases the activity of many p450's |
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What is the mechanism of Carbamazepine?
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Same as Phenytoin
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What is the mechanism of GABApentin?
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Blocks GABA receptors
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What is the treatment for Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome?
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Benzodiazepines
Reduces severity of withdrawal, delirium, and seizures |
