Pharmaceutics Iv Exam 2

Front 1

____________ are semisolid preparations intended for the external application to the skin or mucous membranes

Back 1

Ointments

Front 2

Describe 3 uses for ointments.

Back 2

1. to protect skin/ mucous membranes and to permit rejuvination
2. provide hydration. emollient effect
3. provide a vehicle fo applying medication (local or systemic)

Front 3

_______ is an agent that softens the skin or soothes irritation in skin or mucous membranes.

Back 3

Emollient

Front 4

Define "protective".

Back 4

a substance that protects injured/exposed skin surfaces from harmful or annoying stimuli.

Front 5

_____________ is a substance that promotes retention of water in the skin by forming a hydrophobic barrier that prevents moisture in the skin from evaporating.

Back 5

Occlusive

Front 6

_________ is a substance that causes water to be retained because of its hygroscopic propertie

Back 6

Humectant

Front 7

True or False.
A desirable property of a base is free from objectionable odor.

Back 7

True

Front 8

True or False.
A desirable property of a base is not-toxic, nonsensitizing, and nonirritating

Back 8

True

Front 9

True or False.
A desirable property of a base is a greasy application.

Back 9

False. Bases should be nongreasy.

Front 10

True or False.
A desirable property of a base is easy removal.

Back 10

True

Front 11

True or False.
A desirable property of a base is chemically and physically stable under normal conditions.

Back 11

True

Front 12

True or False.
A desirable property of a base is reactivity and incompatiblity with other drugs and auxillary agents.

Back 12

False. Bases should be nonreactive and compatible.

Front 13

List 4 types of Ointment bases.

Back 13

1. oleaginous
2. absorption
3. water-removable
4. water- souble

Front 14

________ are also called oleaginouos bases.

Back 14

Hydrocarbon bases.

Front 15

Describe an oleaginous base.

Back 15

1. emollient effect
2. protect escape of moisture
3. effective as occlusive dressings
4. can remain on skin for prolonged periods
5. difficult to wash off
6. can include water and aqueous solvents in small amts
7. can include powdered substances with mineral oil as a levigating agent.

Front 16

What levigating agent would you use to incorporate a powdered substance into a hydrocarbon base?

Back 16

mineral oil

Front 17

What are 3 disadvantages of oily bases?

Back 17

1. greasy nature (pts dont like)
2. not easily removes
3. cannot absorb water, and very little alcoholic sol.

Front 18

List 4 examples of hydrocarbon bases?

Back 18

1. petrolatum
2. white petrolatum
3. yellow ointment
4. white ointment

Front 19

Which oily base is described as a purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons that has been decolorized?

Back 19

white petrolatum

Front 20

Which oily base is described as a simple ointment, that is slightly more viscous than plain petrolatum, and is a combination of petrolatum and yellow wax?

Back 20

yellow ointment

Front 21

Which oily base is describes as a simple ointment made with petrolatum and bleached wax?

Back 21

White ointment

Front 22

__________ may be used as emollients, but dont provide the degree of occlusion of oily bases.

Back 22

Absorption Bases

Front 23

Which oily base is useful as asjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon bases?

Back 23

Absorption Bases

Front 24

Give 2 examples of an absorption base?

Back 24

1. Hydrophilic petrolatum
2. Lanolin

Front 25

An absorption base that incorporates aqueous solutions forming water-in-oil.

Back 25

hydrophilic petrolatum

Front 26

An absorption base that is already a water in oil emulsion but allows incorporation of additional aqueos solutions

Back 26

Lanolin

Front 27

Aquaphor is an example of which base?

Back 27

Absorption base: Hydophilic petrolatum

Front 28

Cholesterol 30g
Stearyl alcohol 30g
white wax 80g
white perolatum 860g

This formulation describes which type of base?

Back 28

Absorption base: Hydrophilic petrolatum

Front 29

What are 3 advantage of absorption bases?

Back 29

1. mod. good protective, occlusive and emollient properties
2. dont wash easily, hold medication longer
3. can absorb liquids

Front 30

Which base is obtained from the wool of sheep, has been purified, deodorized, decolorized, and contains no more than 0.25% water?

Back 30

Absorption base: Lanolin

Front 31

An absorption base that is already a water in oil emulsion but allows incorporation of additional aqueos solutions

Back 31

Lanolin

Front 32

Aquaphor is an example of which base?

Back 32

Absorption base: Hydophilic petrolatum

Front 33

Cholesteol 30g
Stearyl alcohol 30g
white wax 80g
white perolatum 860g

This formulation describes which type of base?

Back 33

Absorption base: Hydophilic petrolatum

Front 34

What are 3 advantage of absorption bases?

Back 34

1. mod. good protective, occlusive and emollient properties
2. dont wash easily, hold medication longer
3. can absorb liquids

Front 35

Which base is obtained from the wool of sheep, has been purified, deodorized, decolorized, and contains no more than 0.25% water?

Back 35

Absorption base: Lanolin

Front 36

Lanolin contains no more than ______ water.

Back 36

0.25%

Front 37

Describe modified lanolin.

Back 37

reduced contents of free lanolin alcohols and detergent/ pesticide residues.

Front 38

List 5 Water-Removable Base characteristics.

Back 38

1. water-washable
2. oil-in-water emuslion cream
3. easily washed
4. can be diluted with water
5. can absorb serous discharge.

Front 39

Hydrophilic ointment, vanishing cream, and dermabase are all examples of this base?

Back 39

Water-Removable

Front 40

List 4 advantages of Water-Removable Bases?

Back 40

1. nongreasy
2. easily washed
3. can absorb water and alcohol
4. allows dissipation of fluids from injury

Front 41

Which base contains no oily cmpds, greaseless, and soften greatly with addition of water?

Back 41

Water-Soluble bases

Front 42

What are 3 advantages of a water-solucble bases?

Back 42

1. easily washed
2. leaves no oil residue
3. can absorb water/ alcohol

Front 43

What are the USP tests required for ointments?

Back 43

1. microbial content
2. minimum fill
3. packaging
4. storage and labeling

Front 44

_________ are not required to be sterile.

Back 44

Topical applications ( excluding opthalmic)

Front 45

Preparations (with/without) water contain more microbial growth.

Back 45

with

Front 46

What is an example of an auxillary agent?

Back 46

fragrance

Front 47

True or False.
When incorportaing solids, fine powders are the ideal choice drug form.

Back 47

True

Front 48

True or False.
When incorporating a solid, particle size should be reduced as far as possible.

Back 48

True

Front 49

Mineral oil

Back 49

Levigating agent

Front 50

glycerin

Back 50

Levigating agent

Front 51

propylene glycol

Back 51

Levigating agent

Front 52

PEG 400

Back 52

Levigating agent

Front 53

cottonseed oil

Back 53

Levigating agent

Front 54

castor oil

Back 54

Levigating agent

Front 55

Polysorbate (Tween) 80

Back 55

Levigating agent

Front 56

Methylparaben

Back 56

Preservative

Front 57

Propylparaben

Back 57

Preservative

Front 58

Phenols

Back 58

Preservative

Front 59

Benzoic Acid

Back 59

Preservative

Front 60

Sorbic Acid

Back 60

Preservative

Front 61

Quarternary Ammonium Salts

Back 61

Preservative

Front 62

__________ is the determination of weight or volume of filled containers to ensure proper contents.

Back 62

Minimum Fill

Front 63

True or False.
Ointments may require opaque or light resistant containers.

Back 63

True

Front 64

True or False.
There is an additional labeling requirement needed for ointment which includes type of base used.

Back 64

True

Front 65

True or False.
Viscosity must be considered in ointment formulation

Back 65

True

Front 66

True or False.
In Vitro drug release doesn't need to be considered in ointment formulation.

Back 66

False, it should be considred.

Front 67

For nonaqueous formulations of unknown stability, the USP allows for a BUD from ______day to ______ months, depending on source of ingredients.

Back 67

30; 6

Front 68

Creams are primarliy used for which 3 routes of administration?

Back 68

1. topically
2. vaginally
3. rectally

Front 69

Creams or Ointments.
Which is easier to spread and remove?

Back 69

Creams

Front 70

Semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water emulsion base or in another type of water-washable base

Back 70

Creams

Front 71

Semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent

Back 71

Gels

Front 72

Semisolid preparation that also contains drug substances, solvents, preservatives and/or stabilizers

Back 72

Gels

Front 73

List 5 routes gels may be administered

Back 73

1. eye
2. skin
3. nose
4. vagina
5. rectum

Front 74

List 5 gelling agents

Back 74

1.Carbomer 934
2.Carboxymethylcellulose
3.Hydroxypropyl
4. methylcellulose
5.tragacanth

Front 75

____________ are gels in which the macromolecules are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid with no apparent boundaries between the dispersed macromolecules and the liquid

Back 75

single phase

Front 76

Which gel has a mass consisting of floccules of small distinct particles?

Back 76

two phase gels

Front 77

Magmas are what type of gel?

Back 77

two phase gel

Front 78

dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Back 78

penetration enhancer

Front 79

ethanol

Back 79

penetration enhancer

Front 80

propylene glycol

Back 80

Penetration enhancers

Front 81

glycerin

Back 81

Penetration enhancers

Front 82

polyethylene glycol

Back 82

Penetration enhancers

Front 83

sodium lauryl sulfate

Back 83

Penetration enhancers

Front 84

Tweens, lecithin, terpenes

Back 84

Penetration enhancers

Front 85

Which semisolid prepartion should not be applied to hairy parts of the body?

Back 85

paste

Front 86

Which semsolid prepartion remains in place after application and are effectively used to absorb serous secretions?

Back 86

Paste

Front 87

Semisolid containing a larger proportion of solid materials than ointments and are therefore stiffer

Back 87

Paste

Front 88

Commonly compounded transdermal preparation which aids in the rapid penetration of many active drugs through the skin

Back 88

Pluronic Lecithin Organogel (PLO)

Front 89

Solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin or plastic

Back 89

Plasters

Front 90

Plastic masses containing gelatin (15%), glycerin (40%), water (35%), and added medicinal substance (10%)

Back 90

Glycerogelatins

Front 91

Describe a Transdermal Delivery System.

Back 91

Drug through the skin for systemic effects.

Front 92

List 7 factors that affect Percutaneous Absorption.

Back 92

1.Drug Concentration
2.Area of Application
3.Affinity of the Drug for the 4.Skin versus the Vehicle
5.Molecular Weight
6.Skin Hydration
7.Thickness of the Horny Layer
8.Contact Time with the Skin

Front 93

___________increase skin permeability by reversibly damaging or altering the physicochemical nature of the stratum corneum to reduce its diffusional resistance

Back 93

Chemical Enhancers

Front 94

Chemical enhancers can _________ hydration of the stratum corneum.

Back 94

Increase

Front 95

If the molecular weight of a drug is greater than 800 g/mL, will this make a good transdermal product?

Back 95

No, because the general says that a drug that large will not cross the skin.

Front 96

Where is the thinnest layer of horny layer located?

Back 96

Lips

Front 97

How do you select chemical enhancers for a TDDS?

Back 97

-efficacy
-low dermal toxicity
-compatibility with other components

Front 98

Acetone

Back 98

Chemical Enhancer

Front 99

Azone

Back 99

Chemical Enhancer

Front 100

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Back 100

Chemical Enhancer

Front 101

Ethanol

Back 101

Chemical Enhancer

Front 102

Oleic acid

Back 102

Chemical Enhancer

Front 103

Polyethylene glycol

Back 103

Chemical Enhancer

Front 104

Propylene glycol

Back 104

Chemical Enhancer

Front 105

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Back 105

Chemical Enhancer

Front 106

The delivery of a charged chemical compound across the skin membrane using an electrical field.

Back 106

Iontophoresis

Front 107

The high frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery.

Back 107

Sonophoresis

Front 108

True or False.
Chemical Enhancers can changes thre structure of lipids?

Back 108

True

Front 109

Which TDDS system incorporates a drug matrix layer between backing and frontal layers?

Back 109

Monolithic systems

Front 110

Which TDDS system contains a drug reservoir or pouch, a rate controlling membrane, and backing, adhesive and protective layers

Back 110

Membrane-Controlled Systems

Front 111

If the drug is delivered to the stratum corneum at a rate less than the absorption capacity, the _________is the rate-controlling factor

Back 111

Device

Front 112

If the drug is delivered to the skin area to saturation, the ________ is the rate-controlling factor

Back 112

Skin

Front 113

What are 2 disadvantages of TDDS?

Back 113

1. Only relatively potent drugs
2. Contact dermatitis

Front 114

What is the ideal shelf life of a TDDS?

Back 114

up to 2 years

Front 115

Whats is the ideal patch size of a TDDS?

Back 115

< 40 cm2

Front 116

Whats is the ideal dosing frequency of a TDDS?

Back 116

once a day to once a week

Front 117

Whats is the ideal aesthetic appeal of a TDDS?

Back 117

Clear, tan or white color

Front 118

What is the ideal packagin of a TDDS?

Back 118

Easy removal of release liner and minimum number of steps required to apply

Front 119

What is the ideal skin adhesion property of a TDDS?

Back 119

No fall-off during dosing

Front 120

What is the ideal skin reaction of a TDDS?

Back 120

Nonirritating and nonsensitizing

Front 121

Which is not a quality control method of TDDS?

A.Stability of the assembled system
B.Release profile
C. In vitro assessment of TDDS using diffusion cells
D.Adhesion and Matrix profiles
E.In vivo assessment of TDDS

Back 121

D

Front 122

Topical products are used more for ________effects, as oppose to Transdermal products which have a ______effect.

Back 122

local; systemic

Front 123

What is the biggest barrier which considering TDDS?

Back 123

Stratum Corneum

Front 124

True or False
Controlled drug release is an advantage of TDDS.

Back 124

True

Front 125

Which is not an advantage of TDDS?

a.Avoid first-pass effect
b.Location of product
c.Noninavsive
d.Provide extended therapy

Back 125

B. Location of product

Front 126

True or False.
TDDS are subject to GI effects

Back 126

False; TDDS avoid GI effects

Front 127

Which of the following is an advantage of TDDS?

A.Provide extended therapy
B.Extend activity of drugs with short half-life
C.Rapid termination of therapy
D.Easily identified
E. All of the above

Back 127

E. All of the above

Front 128

True or False
Controlled drug release is an advantage of TDDS.

Back 128

True

Front 129

Which is not an advantage of TDDS?

a.Avoid first-pass effect
b.Location of product
c.Noninavsive
d.Provide extended therapy

Back 129

B. Location of product

Front 130

True or False.
TDDS are subject to GI effects

Back 130

False; TDDS avoid GI effects

Front 131

Which of the following is an advantage of TDDS?

A.Provide extended therapy
B.Extend activity of drugs with short half-life
C.Rapid termination of therapy
D.Easily identified
E. All of the above

Back 131

E. All of the above

Front 132

______________ is a solid dosage form intended for insertion into a body orifice where it melts, softens or dissolves and exerts local or systemic effects

Back 132

Suppository

Front 133

Which is not an advantage of suppository?


A.By-passes the first-pass effect
B.Large dose drugs
C.Can be crushed for smaller dose
D.Can control duration of action

Back 133

C

Front 134

Which of the following is a disadvantage to suppositories?

A.Leakage
B.Unpredictable drug absorption
C.Potential for irritation
D.Upward movement can increase first pass metabolism
E. All of the above

Back 134

E

Front 135

True or False
Uniform distribution of active ingredient throughout the dosage form is an ideal property for a suppository

Back 135

True

Front 136

What factors affect rectal absorption?

Back 136

1.colonic content
2. circulation route
3. pH
4. lack of buffering capacity

Front 137

The rectum is approximately ________ long.

Back 137

15-20 cm

Front 138

True or False.
Particle size affects rectal absorption.

Back 138

True

Front 139

True or False.
Solubility has no affect on rectal absorption.

Back 139

False. Lipid-Water solubility DOES affect absorption.

Front 140

What are three classes of suppository bases?

Back 140

1. Fatty base
2. Water-soluble or water-miscible polymers
3. Miscellaneous

Front 141

What are 3 fatty bases used for suppository formulation?

Back 141

1. Cocoa Butter
2. Fattibase
3. Witepsol base

Front 142

Which fatty base used for suppository formulation has a problem with polymorphism?

Back 142

Cocoa Butter

Front 143

Which fatty base used in suppository formulation is made of a combination of oils?

Back 143

Fattibase

Front 144

Fatty Bases________ to release drugs, as oppose to water-soluble/water miscible polymers which ________ to release drug.

Back 144

melt; dissolve

Front 145

List 2 Water-Soluble and Water-Miscible Suppository Bases.

Back 145

1. glycerinated gelatin
2. polyethylene glycols

Front 146

___________ are mixtures of oleaginous and water-soluble or water-miscible materials used to make suppositories

Back 146

Miscellaneous Bases

Front 147

Miscellaneous Bases used in suppository formulation release drug by ___________.

Back 147

softening

Front 148

What would you expect the drug release rate to be given the following:

Oil-soluble drug with oily base

Back 148

Slow release; poor escaping tendency

Front 149

What would you expect the drug release rate to be given the following:

Water-soluble drug with oily base

Back 149

Rapid release

Front 150

What would you expect the drug release rate to be given the following:

Oil-soluble drug with water miscible base

Back 150

Moderate release rate- depends more on base--- dissolution

Front 151

What would you expect the drug release rate to be given the following:

Water-miscible drug with water miscible base

Back 151

Moderate release; based on diffusion; all water soluble

Front 152

What are three methods used in making suppositories?

Back 152

Compression

Hand Rolling

Molding ( fusion)

Front 153

Which suppository method is limited to cocoa butter as a base, doesnt require any calculations, and lacks an elegant apperance?

Back 153

Hand Rolling

Front 154

Which supossitory method allows most bases for molding,
requires lubrication and calibration and can be used for both small and large scale manufacturing?

Back 154

Molding ( fusion)

Front 155

if the quantity of the active ingredient is less than_________, then the volume occupied by the powder is insignificant

Back 155

100 mg

Front 156

Which suppository method is rarely used at the small scale level, used greatly for heat-labile products, and eliminates the likelihood of insoluble components settling during manufacture?

Back 156

Compression

Front 157

What are 3 methods used in determining the amount od base needed in the formulation of a suppository?

Back 157

1.Dosage Replacement Factor Method
2.Density Factor
3.Occupied Volume Method

Front 158

If your prescription calls for 6 suppositories, how many should you make?

Back 158

7-8; allow for excess

Front 159

What packaging and storing conditions should be considred with Glycerinated gelatin suppositories

Back 159

Packaging must protect product from moisture and can be stored at RT

Front 160

What packaging and storing conditions should be considred with Cocoa butter suppositories

Back 160

Must be kept in constant cool place to prevent melting.

Front 161

What packaging and storing conditions should be considred with Polyethylene suppositories

Back 161

Packaging must protect product from moisture and can be stored at RT. However,very incompatible with many things, especially plastic.

Front 162

True or False
Layering of a suppository is acceptable.

Back 162

False. Layering should not occur

Front 163

True or False.
One qualitity control measure for a suppository is visual inspection.

Back 163

True

Front 164

Which of the following in not a consideration in suppository formulation?

A. Viscosity
B. Stability
C. Presence of water
D. Color

Back 164

D. color