Pharm Topic 7: Ans

Front 1

What are always the first neurotransmittes and receptors?

Back 1

Ach on nicotinic receptors.

Front 2

Adrenal gland innervation and secretion

Back 2

Adrenal gland is innervated by sympathetic innervation via Ach on nicotinic receptors. Gland then secretes 80% epi and 20% nori

Front 3

What connects the ENS and CNS

Back 3

ANS

Front 4

Myenteric plexus

Back 4

AKA Aurbachs. ENS nerve plexus. Found between smooth muscle layers in the gut. Influence motility.

Front 5

Submucosal Plexus

Back 5

AKA Miesners. ENS nerve plexus. Stimulate epithelial secretion.

Front 6

ICC

Back 6

Intersticial cell of cajal. Mediates neurotransmission of ENS and acts as the pacemaker.

Front 7

NTS

Back 7

Nucleus tractus solitarius. Major visceral relay center in the brain. Is where all autonomic sensory info comes in. This info is then sent to the CNS autonomic network to cause effects.

Front 8

Area Postrema

Back 8

Located outside BBB, senses glucose, plasma electrolites, hormones, and CNS chemicals. Gives its info to the NTS.

Front 9

What is considered the principle integrative center for the ANS?

Back 9

Hypothalamus

Front 10

What is the neurotransmitter of all autonomic ganglia?

Back 10

Ach

Front 11

ATP as a co transmitter

Back 11

Cotrnasmitter for both sympathetic and para neurons. Is the fast transmitter.

Front 12

NPY

Back 12

Neuropeptide Y, Cotransmitter in sympathetic neurons. Is slow response.

Front 13

VIP

Back 13

Vasoactive intestinal peptided. Co transmitter in parasympathetic nerves. Is slow response.

Front 14

Nicotinic 1 vs 2 Location

Back 14

2 is for the NMJ, everything else is 1.

Front 15

Eye Sympa response

Back 15

Iris Radialis muscle: A1 - Contraction (mydriasis)
Ciliary Muscle: B2 - Relaxation, stretching lens for far vision.

Front 16

Eye Para response

Back 16

Iris Sphyncter muscle: M3 - Contraction (miosis)
Ciliary muscle: M3 - Contraction for near vision (accommodation)
Lacrimal Glands: M3 - Secretion.

Front 17

Heart Sympa response

Back 17

All B1:
SA node - Increases HR (chronotropic)
Atria - Increase Contractility (Inotropic)
AV Node - Increases Automaticity
HIS purkinje - Increases Automaticity.
Ventricle - Increases Contractility, automaticity and idioventricular pacemaker rate.
All other than SA node also increase conduction velocity.

Front 18

Heart para response

Back 18

All are M2:
SA node - Decrease HR
Atria - Decrease contractility and shorten AP duration
AV node - Decrease conduction velocity and AV block.
HIS purkinje - Little effect
Ventricle - Slight decrease in contractility.

Front 19

Blood vessel Sympa response

Back 19

Skeletal Muscle: B2 - Dilation
Coronary: A1 - Constriction
Viscera: "
Skin: "
Brain: "
Erectile Tissue: "
Salivary Glands: "
Veins: "

Front 20

Blood vessel para response

Back 20

Erectile tissue: M3 - Dilation
Salivary Glands: M3 - Dilation

Front 21

Effects of cGMP/AMP

Back 21

Increase always leads to relaxation except in heart where it causes contraction.

Front 22

Lung Sympa stimulation

Back 22

Bronchial SM: B2 - Relaxation
Bronchial Glands: A1 - Decrease secretion
Bronchial Glands: B2 - Increase secretion

Front 23

Lung para stimulation

Back 23

Bronchial SM: M 2=3 - Contraction
Bronchial Glands: M3, M2 - Increased secretion.

Front 24

GI sympa stimulation

Back 24

Motility: A1,2 and B1,2 - Decrease
Sphincters: A1 - Contraction
Secretion: A2 - Inhibition

Front 25

GI Para stimulation

Back 25

Motility: M2 = M3 - Increase
Sphincters: M3, M2 - Relaxation
Secretion: M3, M2 - Stimulation

Front 26

Gall bladder sympa and para stimulation

Back 26

Sympa: B2 - Relaxation
Para: M - Contraction

Front 27

Uterus Sympa and para stimulation

Back 27

Sympa:
Contraction - A1
Relaxation - B2
Para:
Maybe relaxation - M

Front 28

Kidney sympa and para stimulation

Back 28

Sympa: JG cells: B1 - Increase renin secretion
Para: No innervation

Front 29

Male sex organ sympa and para stim

Back 29

Sympa: A1 - Ejaculation
Para: M3 - Erection

Front 30

Skin and sweat sympa and para stim

Back 30

Sympa:
Pilomotor muscles: A1 - Contraction
Loccalized sweat glands (apacrine): A1 - Secretion
Sweat glands: Generalized secretion - M3, M2

Front 31

Spleen sympa and para stim

Back 31

Sympa:
A1 - Contraction
B2 - Relaxation
Para = none

Front 32

Liver symp and para stim

Back 32

Sympa:
Glycogenolysis - A1
Gluconeogenesis - B2
Para = none

Front 33

Pancrease para and sympa stim

Back 33

Sympa:
Acini: A - Decrease secretion
Islet (beta) cells: A2 - Decreased secretion
B2 - Increased secretion
Para: Acini cells: M3, M2 - Increase Secretion.

Front 34

Salivary gland sympa and para stimulation

Back 34

Sympa: A1 - K+ and water secretion
Para: M3, M2 - K+ and water secretion

Front 35

Bladder sympa and para stim

Back 35

Sympa:
Detrusor: B2 - Relaxation
Trigone: A1 - Contraction
Para:
Detrusor: M3 - Contraction
Trigone: M3 - Relaxation

Front 36

What are the autoreceptor negative feedback receptors?

Back 36

A2 for nori, M2 for Ach

Front 37

Ach life cycle

Back 37

1) Choline trnasported into cell
2) AcCoA + Choline > Ach (via ChAT)
3) Molecules of Ach are packaged inside vesicles
4) Calcium causes release of vesicles
5) Ach binds to receptors and autoreceptors
6) Ach is inactivated by Ach esterase in synapse forming cholinie and acetate. Choline can be reused.

Front 38

Describe the sympathetic innervation to the sweat glands

Back 38

Post ganglionic neurons involved with stress sweat secretion secrete nori (sweaty palms)
Post ganglionic neurons involved with thermoregulation release Ach

Front 39

Describe the sympa innervation to the SM of the renal vascular bed

Back 39

Post gaglionic neurons to the SM of the renal vascular bed secrete dopamine.

Front 40

Heteroreceptors

Back 40

Are feedback receptors (like autoreceptors) which are activated by other nearby neurons.

Front 41

What is the most important inactivation process for cholinergic neurons?

Back 41

Breakdown via Ach esterase

Front 42

Do blood vessels have cholinergic receptors?

Back 42

Yes, they have muscarinic receptors despite the lack of para innervation. Important when giving drugs.

Front 43

M1 G protein activation process (M3,5 as well)

Back 43

1) Gq
2) Activation of PLC
3) Increase in IP3 leads to increase of calcium;
Increase in DAG leads to an increase of PkC
4) Increase in calcium causes contraction

Front 44

M2 G protein activation process (M4 as well)

Back 44

1) Gi
2) Inhibition of adenyl cyclase
3) Decrease in cAMP
4) Activation of K+ channels
5) Inhibition of voltage gated Calcium channels
6) Hyperpolarization and inhibition.

Front 45

Vesamicol (mechanism and effect)

Back 45

Inhibition of vesicular uptake of Ach. Decrease effect.

Front 46

Botulinus toxin (mechanism and effect)

Back 46

Inhibits fusion and release. Decreases effect.

Front 47

Hemicholinium (mechanism and effect)

Back 47

Blocks choline transport system. Decreases effect.

Front 48

Bromopyruvate (mechanism and effect)

Back 48

Inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (in mitochondria) leading to a reduction in Actyl CoA. Decreases effect.

Front 49

Nicotine (mechanism and effect)

Back 49

Nicotinic agonist. Increases effect.

Front 50

Trimethaphan (mechanism and effect)

Back 50

Nicotinic antagonist. Decreases effect.

Front 51

Pilocarpine (mechanism and effect)

Back 51

Muscarinic agonist. Increases effect.

Front 52

Atropine (mechanism and effect)

Back 52

Muscarinic antagonist. Decreases effect.

Front 53

Neostigmine (mechanism and effect)

Back 53

Ach esterase inhibitor. Increases effect.

Front 54

Norepinephrine Life cycle

Back 54

1) Tyrosine transported into the cell
2) Tyrosine converted to Dopa via tyrosine hydroxylase (RLS)
3) Dopa converted to dopamine via dopa decarboxylase
4) Dopamine is transported into vesicles via VAC
5) While being transported, dopamine is converted to nori via dopamine B hydroxylase
6) Calcium causes release of nori
7) Nori binds to postsynaptic receptors, alpha autoreceptors (-) and beta autoreceptors (+)
8) Nori is cleared via reuptake into nerve terminal (uptake 1) and into postsynaptic neuron (uptake 2).

Front 55

Tyrosine hydroxylase (function, specificity, location)

Back 55

1) Converts tyrosine to dopa (RLS)
2) Specific for L tyrosine
3) Widespread, present in sympathetic nerves

Front 56

Aromatic-l-amino acid decarboxylase

Back 56

1) Converts dopa to dopamine. Inhibition doesnt really have an effect.
2) Non-specific
3) Widespread, found in sympathetic nerves.

Front 57

Dopamine B hydroxylase

Back 57

1) Converts dopamine to nori. Inhibition can decrease lvls of nori and epi.
2) non-specific
3) Widespread, present in sympa neurons

Front 58

Phenyl-enthanolamine n-methyl transferase

Back 58

Converts Nori to Epi. Under control of glucocorticoid
Largely in adrenal gland.

Front 59

Heteroreceptor and autoreceptor overview

Back 59

1) Both Nori and Ach block their own release via autoreceptors
2) Ach blocks Nori release via heteroreceptor
3) Nori blocks Ach and NPY release via heteroreceptor and autoreceptor
4) NPY blocks Ach and Nori release via heteroreceptors and autoreceptors.

Front 60

MAO (Function, location, subcellular location)

Back 60

1) Reduces nori levels
2) Found both neuronal and extra neuronal. Neuronal in adrenal medulla. Extra in liver and brain.
3) Found in mitochondria

Front 61

COMT (Function, location, subcellular location)

Back 61

1) Breaks down nori, extraneuronaly only. Regulates extraneuronal and circulating calcium levels. Inhibition does nothing.
2) Widespread in liver and kidney, extraneuronal.
3) Cytosolic.

Front 62

A1 A2 B1 B2 generalizations

Back 62

A1 - Excitatory
A2 - Inhibatory
B1 - Excitatory
B2 - Inhibatory

Front 63

A1 effector pathway

Back 63

1) Gq
2) Activation of PLC
3) Increased IP3 and DAG
4) Increased calcium
5) Increased contractility

Front 64

A2 effector pathway

Back 64

1) Gi
2) Inhibition of adenyl cyclase
3) Decrease in cAMP
4) Inhibition of PkA

Front 65

Epinephrin (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 65

Agonist. No selectivity

Front 66

Norepinephrine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 66

Agonist, Alpha 1,2 and B1 selectivity.

Front 67

Isoproterenol (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 67

Agonist, B1, B2 selectivity

Front 68

Dopamine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 68

Agonist, dopamine selectivity.

Front 69

Phenylephrine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 69

Agonist, A1 selectivity.

Front 70

Clonidine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 70

Agonist, A2 selectivity

Front 71

Dobutamine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 71

Agonist, B1 selectivity

Front 72

Terbutaline (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 72

Agonist, B2 selectivity

Front 73

Phentolamine/Phenoxybenzamine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 73

Antagonist, A1, A2 selectivity

Front 74

Prazosin (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 74

Antagonist, A1 selectivity.

Front 75

Yohimbine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 75

Antagonist, A2 selectivity

Front 76

Propranolol (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 76

Antagonist, B1, B2 selectivity

Front 77

Metoprolol (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 77

Antagonist. B1 Selectivity

Front 78

Butoxamine (agonist/antag and selectivity)

Back 78

Antagonist, B2 selectivity.

Front 79

Generalizations on what aspects of the autonomics the brain stem, limbic system, and cortex are involved in.

Back 79

Bran stem - Refelx control of vital functions
Limbic system - Intergration of emotional state with visceral activities
Cortex - Integrates somatic and visceral functions.