Pharm Test 1-Bjr

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The study of drugs that alter the functions of living organisms.

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Pharamcology

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Any chemical substance that influences living systems. Can stimulate or inhibit normal cellular functions.

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Drug

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The use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or cure disease processes or to relieve symptoms without curing the disease.

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Drug Therapy

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Drugs used for therapeutic reasons.

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Medication

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Effects that occur in one particular area, usually the medication is applied topically or in an aerosol form.

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Local Effects

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Med is circulated through the bloodstream and acts on various tissues and organs in the body. Typically taken by mouth, IV, shot and is stronger than local effects.

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Systemic Effects

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An individual drug that represents groups of drugs. A standard drugs are compared to.

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Prototype

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Drugs are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics.

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Drug Classification

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Defines the type of drug according to its use in treating a disease.

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Therapeutic Classification

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Defines the type of drug according to it pharmacologic family.

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Pharmacologic Classification

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Identifies the exact chemical structure of the drug according to the molecular structure.

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Chemical Name

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Related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacture. Often indicates the drug group.

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Generic Name

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Name given to a drug designated and patented by the manufacture.

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Brand or Trade Name

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Having the same biological effect of that to which a drug is compared.

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Bioequivalent

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Drugs that must be ordered by physician and dispensed by a pharmacist. Habit-forming drugs or drugs not safe for use except under supervision of a licensed practitioner.

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Prescription Drugs

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Drugs that are considered safe to use without supervision of a licensed practitioner and are not considered habit-forming.

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Over the Counter Drugs

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Drugs that are categorized by federal law according to therapeutic usefulness and potential for abuse.

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Controlled Substance

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Developed in a controlled environment but similar to plants, animals, minerals, and natural drugs.

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Synthetic Drugs

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Contains natural and synthetic substances

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Semisynthetic Drugs

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The process of manipulating DNA and RNA and recombining genes into hybrid molecules that can be inserted into living organisms and repeatedly reproduced.

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Biotechnology

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Is used to cure a disease or treat symptoms.

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Therapeutic Uses

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Drugs that bring comfort or relieve pain.

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Palliative Uses

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Used as prevention drugs.

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Prophylactic Uses

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Used to determine disease presences.

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Diagnostic Uses

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Used in order to take the place of something.

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Replacement Uses

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Requires that generic drugs be chemically equivalent to the previously approved drug.

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Drug Price Competition and Patent Restoration Act

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Federal agency that approves all drugs after reviewing research on the drug.

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Food and Drug Administration

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Regulate all vaccines and biologic products.

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Public Health Service

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Regulates distribution of narcotics.

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Controlled Substance Act

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Not approved for medical use, have high abuse potential.

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Schedule 1

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Used medically and have high abuse potential.

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Schedule 2

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Less potential for abuse

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Schedule 3

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Some potential for abuse.

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Schedule 4

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Contain moderate amounts of controlled substances.

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Schedule 5

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Remote risk for fetal harm

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Category A

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Slightly more risk then A

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Category B

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Greater risk then B

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Category C

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Proven risk of fetal harm

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Category D

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Proven risk of fetal harm

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Category X

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Branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis o disease.

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Pharmacotherapeutics

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Study of the movement of drugs in the body.

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Pharmacokinetics

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Involves the movement of drug molecules from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Passive Diffusion

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Drug molecules are moved from and area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Require energy.

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Active Transport

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Process that occurs between the time a drug enters the body and the time it enters the bloodstream.

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Absorption

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Involves the transport of drug molecules within the body.

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Distribution

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Rate at which cells burn energy

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Metabolism

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Occurs when the drug is broken down and the waste is gotten rid of.

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Excretion

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Length of time it takes half of the drug to be used.

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Serum Half life

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Deals with interactions between chemical components of the drug being used and foreign chemicals.

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Pharmacodynamics

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How much of a drug is prescribed.

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Dose

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Frequency, size, and number of doses, It is the major determinant of drug actions and responses.

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Dosage

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Dose of a drug having damaging or harmful effects or producing signs and symptoms of toxicity.

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Toxic Dose

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Dose of a drug that kills.

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Lethal Dose

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Method of way a drug is administered.

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Route of administration

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Food may alter the absorption of oral drugs or substances in the food may react with the drug. In most cases it slows absorption.

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Drug Diet Interaction

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Action of the drug may be increased or decreased by interaction with another drug in the body

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Drug-Drug Interaction

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The effects of taking more than one drug at the time, causes a third chemical to be produced.

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Additive Effects

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Occurs when 2 drugs with different sites or mechanisms of action produce greater effects when taken together than does when taken alone.

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Synergism

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One drug interferes with the metabolism or elimination of a 2nd drug.

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Interference

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One drug is displaced from plasma protein-building sites by a 2nd drug resulting in increased effects of the displaced drug.

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Displacement

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Drugs that produce effects similar to those produced naturally occurring hormones and neurotransmitters. May accelerate or slow normal cellular processes depending on the type of receptor that is activated.

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Agonist

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Drugs that inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites.

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Antagonist

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Study of genetic variations that result in interindividual differences in drug response

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Pharmacogentics

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Concerned with racial and ethnic differences in responses to drugs.

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Pharmacoanthropology

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Effects of a drug that were not anticipated

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Side Effects

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Effects that are wanted because they are what a drug is designed to do.

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Therapeutic Effects

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Effects caused by taking too much of a dose.

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Toxic Effects

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Toxicity of the liver caused by too many toxins in the liver

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Hepatotoxicity

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Occurs when too much of a drug is placed in the ears

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Ototoxicity

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Allergy to a drug that occurs when the body has been previously exposed to the drug and then is re-exposed to the same drug.

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Allergic Reaction

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Fever associated with the administration of the drug. Usually due to an allergic reaction.

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Drug Fever

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Strange reaction to a drug that cannot be explained

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Idiosyncrasy

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Severe, life-threatening form of an allergic reaction. It occurs immediately after the drug is administered.

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Anaphylactic Reaction

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The need or strong desire to use a specific drug and not be able to do without it.

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Drug Dependence

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Anything that has been shown to cause cancer.

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Carginogenicity

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Anything that could cause problems with the fetus

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Teratogenicity

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Occurs when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug over time so that larger doses must be given to produce the same effects.

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Tolerance

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Occurs when the body becomes accustomed to pharmacologically related drugs such as alcohol.

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Cross-Tolerance

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What a substance is broken down into

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Metabolites

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Physiological effect of the drug on body cells. How the drug works to produce the desired effects.

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Drug Action

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The length of time it takes a drug to begin to act in the body

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Onset of Action

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The length of time it takes a drug to achieve its maximum action in the body.

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Peak Action

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How long a drug works.

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Duration of Action

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Serum level of a drug that when reached ensures that the drug performs at peak activity.

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Therapeutic blood level

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Blood level taken after drug has been given.

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Peak blood level

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Blood level taken before medication has been given.

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Trough blood level

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Serum level of a drug that is above the recommended therapeutic level and usually results in toxic symptoms.

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Toxic blood level

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Purpose of a medication.

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Indication

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Conditions that make the administration of the med undesirable or improper.

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Contraindication

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Special conditions of the patient, drug, or environment that increase risk for problems with the drug and must be considered for safe use of the drug.

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Precaution

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Inability to be mixed without causing harmful or life-threatening reaction in the body.

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Incompatibility

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Medications given in combination to get levels up quickly

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Loading dose

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Medication given at a specific frequency to prevent a problem.

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Maintenance Dose

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Action of doses of drugs that are not eliminated effectively and accumulate in the system.

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Cumulative Effects

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Mainly to prevent or relieve acute or chronic pain that is moderate to severe in nature.

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Opioid Analgesics

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Alleviate mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation.

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Analgesic-Antipyretic, Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

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Antianxiety drugs decrease anxiety and promote relaxation. Sedatives and hypnotics produce sleep in relation in insomnia and sedation before surgery.

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Antianxiety and Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

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Major use is to control behaviors associated with psychosis such as schizophrenia. May also be used to treat psychotic symptoms associated with brain impairment from head injury, alcohol withdrawal or other disorders.

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Antipsychotic Drugs

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To elevate someone's mood when depressive symptoms persist at least 2 weeks, impair social relationships or work performance, and occur independently of life events.

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Antidepressants

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Used to treat and prevent manic episodes in bipolar disorder.

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Mood-Stabilizing Agent

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Treatment or prevention of seizure activity due to epilepsy or a secondary cause.

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Antiseizure Drugs

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Adjust the balance of neurotransmitters to relieve tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease.

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Antiparkinson Drugs

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Decrease muscle spasm or spasticity that occurs in some musculoskeletal or neurologic disorders.

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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

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Prevent pain and promote relaxation during surgery, child birth, diagnostic tests, and other treatments.

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Anesthetic Drugs

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Control symptoms of ADHD.

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CNS Stimulants

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Use of these drugs is mainly related to their effects on the heart, blood vessels, and bronchi. They produce effects in the body that occur when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated.

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Adrenergic Drugs

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Decrease or block the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation, endogenous epinephrine and adrenergic drugs.

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Antiadrenergic Drugs