Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the effectiveness of penicillin as an antibiotic is due to its ability to
|
inhibit the synthesis of bacterial cell wall
|
|
|
the first effectve synthetic antibacterial agents were the
|
sulforamides
|
|
|
the first true borad spectrum antibiotics were the
|
tetracyclines
|
|
|
tapeworms are members of which worm group
|
cestaodes
|
|
|
pediculides are used in the treatment of
|
lice
|
|
|
the production of withdrawl symptoms demonstrate a
|
physical dependance
|
|
|
methadone is given to relive te withdrawl symptom of heroin. this is an example of
|
cross dependance
|
|
|
this drug DOES NOT produce a physical dependance
|
marijuana
|
|
|
it is though that amphetamines stimulate the CNS by stimulating the
|
cerebral cortex
|
|
|
the most dangerous (life-threatening) wthdrawl symptoms are seen in withdrawl from
|
bariturates
|
|
|
which of the following is NOT a CNS deppresant
|
cocaine
|
|
|
the most abused drug in the world is
|
ethyl alcohol
|
|
|
the osmotic agents reduce intraocular pressure by
|
increasing the osmotic pressure of the plasma
|
|
|
the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure by
|
reducing the production of aqueous humor
|
|
|
the barbiturates reduce the electrical activity of the cortex by depressing the activity of the activity of the neurons and synapses of the
|
ascending reticular formation
|
|
|
as the lipif solubility of general anesthesia decreases, its narcotic potency
|
decreases
|
|
|
the phenothiazine drugs are used as
|
neuroleptics, major tranquilzers, antipsychotics,ataractics
|
|
|
the minor tranquilizers have cns depressant action. they produce depression of some reflexes of the
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
libruim and valium are
|
benzodiazepines and anti-anxiety agents
|
|
|
which of the following is NOT a response of the ANS beta receptor stimulation
|
pupil dialation
|
|
|
moat adrenergenic blocking agents are
|
competitive blockers
|
|
|
drugs which mimic the effect of the parasympathetic system are the
|
cholinergic drugs
|
|
|
this is NOT a side efect of choline esters
|
hypotension
|
|
|
anti-cholinesterase drugs produce an
|
acetylcholine response
|
|
|
CNS depressants slow down the
|
electrical activity in the nervous system
|
|
|
__ slows breathing, hr, and reflexes.
|
CNS depressant
|
|
|
used as analgesiac (relieve pain) they can relieve mild to moderate pain
|
CNS depressant
|
|
|
__ (narcotic pain reliever) #1 drug health professionals become addicted to
|
demerol
|
|
|
depressants are also used as __ and __
|
sedatives and hypnotics
|
|
|
heavy duty sleeping pills involved in 2/3 to 3/4 of drug deaths
|
barbituants
|
|
|
mixing __ with alcohol is dealdly
|
barbituants
|
|
|
drugs used in the treatment/prevention of convulsions/seizures.
|
anti-convolucent
|
|
|
elevate the threshhold of excitation of the neurons (harder to set them off)
|
anti-convolucent
|
|
|
increases the electrical activity in the brain
|
CNS stimulants
|
|
|
not many of these are used medically
|
CNS stimulants
|
|
|
ampthetamines are a widely abused __
|
CNS stimulants
|
|
|
cocaine drugs, methamphetamine and caffine are all examples of __
|
CNS stimulants
|
|
|
people can go into caffine __
|
intoxication
|
|
|
anesthetic agents have a very high affinity for
|
fat
|
|
|
with anesthetics, larger people need __ and it takes longer for them to __
|
more, come out
|
|
|
anesthetic agents have no permanent effect on __
|
tissues
|
|
|
these do not roduce sleep, rather narcosis (lack of sensation and awareness - unconscious)
|
general anesthetics
|
|
|
these have a high affinity for fat - the greater their affinity for lipids, the GREATER their potency
|
general anesthetics
|
|
|
stages of anesthesia (general anesthetics)
1. stage of __ (has 2 levels) a. __ - lose the sensation of pain, slurred speech b.__ - excitement - state of unconsciousness |
1.induction
a. analgesia b.excitation |
|
|
when dealing with __ - some people will lay there but can still hear and understand.
|
uncosiousness
|
|
|
stages of anesthesia (general anesthetics)
2. __ anesthesia (4 stages) -beyond the 4th = BAD |
surgical
|
|
|
stages of anesthesia (general anesthetics)
3. __ paralysis - stop breathing, drugs have to be given to get them out of it |
medulliary
|
|
|
__ anesthetics - these contain vasoconstrictors to minimize bleeding (still feels tugging and strong stimulus)
|
local
|
|
|
these elevate the level of excitation of the pain endings
|
local anesthetics
|
|
|
phenothiazine drugs (major), heavy duty, used for exteremly disturbed people.
|
Group one of two tranquilizers
1. major tranquilizers/antipsychotics/neuroleptics/ataractics |
|
|
these drugs will chemically tie up the parient, slow down the amount of neurotransmitters in the brain
|
Group one of two tranquilizers
1. major tranquilizers/antipsychotics/neuroleptics/ataractics |
|
|
These drugs work in the upper part of the pinal cord, calm the person (they can still function)
|
Groupt 2 tranquilizers
2. minor tranquilizers/anti-anxiety |
|
|
benzodiazapines (valium, librium and xanax) are all examples of __
|
Groupt 2 tranquilizers
2. minor tranquilizers/anti-anxiety |
|
|
benzodiazapines (valium, librium and xanax) are all perscribed a lot because they __ & __
|
work and are safe
|
|
|
__ depression is brought about because something happened, come out of it in a week or two
|
reactive depression
|
|
|
____ depression - extremely depressed, caused by a chemical imbalannce in thee brain, most common psychiatric illness
|
endangerous psychotic depression
|
|
|
25% of us population suffers from this type of depression
|
endangerous psychotic depression
|
|
|
autonomic drugs affect the
|
nervous system
|
|
|
epinephrine, norepinephrine and precursors are examples of __
|
Catecholamine
|
|
|
thses drugs can sometimes cause vaso_ or vaso_
|
catecholamines
|
|
|
these drugs can stimulate alpha and beta receptors
|
catecholamines
|
|
|
alpha response to catecholamines
1. vaso__ of arterioles 2.__in bp 3.pupil __ 4.relaxation of __ muscle |
1. vasoconstriction of arterioles
2.increase in bp 3.pupil dialation 4.relaxation of intestinal muscle (decrease perstalsis) |
|
|
beta response to catecholamines
1.__ in HR 2.vaso__ of BV (especially skeletal) 3.relaxation of __ muscles 4.__ dialation |
1.increase in HR
2.vasodialation of BV (especially skeletal) 3.relaxation of uterine muscles 4.bronvhiole dialation |
|
|
catecholamines stimulate both - however, they are not distributed __ throughout body
|
evenly
|
|
|
__=stimulated by BOTH epinephrine and nonepinepherine
__=stimulated primarily by epinephirine |
alpha
beta |
|
|
__ drugs cause patient to feel jittery, very nervous,experience a decrease in #of circulating esinophils (harder to fight off infection)
|
catecholamines
|
|
|
these drugs will affect the CNS and increase alertness
|
catecholamines
|
|
|
beta receptors affects the __
|
heart
|
|
|
epinephrine,nonepinepherine, dopamine and isoproterenol are examples of __ stimulating drugs
|
beta
|
|
|
alpha/beta blockers are:
1. __ blockers 2.__ inhibit androgenic sympathetic nervous system |
1.competetive
2. alpha |
|
|
__ blockers are used to prevent peripheral vascular disease
|
alpha blockers
|
|
|
__ blockers control chest pain
|
beta
|
|
|
these drugs:
1.mimic the parasympathetic nervous system 2.stimulate the intestines and urinary bladder after surgery 3. used to treat some muscle disease 4. SLUD effect - salivation, lacrimation, urination and defecation |
cholinergic
|
|
|
these drugs are:
1.similar to acetyl-choline (structure and function) 2. just like adding more acetyl -choline (causes more stimulation) |
direct acting chelmergics
|
|
|
these drugs put the enzyme that destroys acetyl-choline (slows down destruction)
|
indirect acting cholergics/choline esters
|
|
|
atropine (atropinse sulfate) is a ver old drug, respiratory and circulatory stimulant and an example of __ blocking agents
|
cholinergeic blocking agents
|
|
|
the drug atromine causes:
1. __ (pupil dilation) 2.cycloplegia (paralisis of the __ muscles of the eye) 3. used as pre___ |
1. medrasis
2.ciliary 3.anesthetic |
|
|
__ increaseof intra-ocualr pressure - the fluid can not drain out of the eye adequtely
|
glaucoma
|
|
|
glaucoma effects the __ nerve (lose peripheral vision)
|
optic
|
|
|
osmotic agents will __ osmotic pressure of __and it will pull fluid from eye to compensate (this lowers the intra ocular pressure as seen in glaucoma)
|
increase
|
|
|
in glaucoma, eye is producing new fluid but, __
|
not draining old
|
|
|
__ drugs cause __ (pupil constriction)
they __ intraocular pressure |
miotics cause miosis
decrease |
|
|
cholenergic miotics causes miosis - this __ the pressure
|
drops
|
|
|
indirect cholinergic miotics block __ that stop cholinergis from working (__ pressure)
|
enzymes
pressure |
|
|
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
1. emzyme necessary for normal production of ___ 2. makes less __ |
aqueous humor
fluid |
|
|
____ poisoning - swallow = death
|
acute
|
|
|
chronic poisoning builds up in your system. body has trouble getting rid of __ and __
|
pesticides
heavy metals |
|
|
carbon monoxide hooks onto __. you then need a hyperbaric chamber.
|
hemoglobin
|
|
|
CO poisoning has a _% mortality rate.
|
60
|
|
|
CO is produced by incomplete combustion of __,__ and __
|
fossil fuels
cars furnaces |
|
|
nitrates, potassium salts and digitalis have the potential to cause __
|
fatal arrhythmia
|
|
|
_/_
very big industrial chemicals, __ used to make plastics. |
arsenic/cyanide
cyanide |
|
|
__- poison on a cellular level
|
cytotoxins
|
|
|
methyl alcohol:
1. __'s favorite 2. high affinity for the __ (blindness) 3.when metabolized - __ is produced |
alcoholics
retina formic acid |
|
|
___:
inhibits the formation of all blood cells |
benzene
|
|
|
house plants:
1. many are __ 2. __, very common and VERY toxic |
toxic
olliander |
|
|
food poisoning:
1. caused by lack of __ 2. __ products |
inspection
dairy |
|
|
worst food poisoning = BOTULISM
1. produced by __ 2. even if diagnosed early, still __% chance of death 3. DO NOT drink/eat out of ___, why? |
clostridium botulinum
50 deformed cans, bacterial caused gas build up |
|
|
methods of action
1. inhibit synthesis of the __ |
cell wall
|
|
|
methods of action
2. alter permeability of the microbes __ |
plama membrane
|
|
|
methods of action
3. inhibit or alter the __ in a microbe - make it sick or kill it |
metabolism
|
|
|
methods of action
4. inhibit the synthesis of __ (different groups of antibiotics interrupt in different places) |
protiens
|
|
|
penicillin is one of the most __ and __ of all antimicrobial agents
|
effective and least toxic
|
|
|
__ is derived from blue-green mold that grows on bread and spoiled fruit
|
penicillin
|
|
|
penicillin is effective on a lot of gram __ but very few gram __
|
+
- |
|
|
__ is a substance that destroys penicillin (some organisms actually produce it)
|
penicillinase
|
|
|
most people who are allergic to penicillin react with __
|
hives
|
|
|
cephalosporin is derived from cephalosporum mold. it interrupts the __ of cell was (same as penicillin)
|
synthesis
|
|
|
penicillinase doesn't destroy __
|
cephalosprin
|
|
|
__ have a limited spectrum, only effective against a few gram (-) and MOST gram (+)
|
cephalosporins
|
|
|
this drug was the first really effective synthetic antibiotic
|
sulfonamides
|
|
|
sulfonamides:
1. interfere with __ production 2. effective against __ infection 3. shouldnt be used in __ |
protien
bladder late pregnancy |
|
|
this drug was the first true broad spectrum antibiotic
|
tetracyclines
|
|
|
tetracyclines are effective against gram (_) and gram (_)
|
+ -
|
|
|
tetracyclines MOA interferes with
|
protien synthesis
|
|
|
amno glycosideos' MOA intereferes with __
|
protien synthesis
|
|
|
many amno glycosides commonly end in the suffix
(-__) |
-myosin
|
|
|
amno glycosides are __ antibiotics
|
broad spectrum
|
|
|
this antibiotic negatively effects the kidneys
|
amno glycosides
|
|
|
streptomyocin is an example of what family of antibiotics
|
amno glycosides
|
|
|
macrolydes are given as an alternative if patient is allergic to __
|
penicillin
|
|
|
__ are very effective against gram (+) and some gram (-)
|
macrolydes
|
|
|
polymyxins have a very high __ toxicity
|
renal
|
|
|
__ are very effective in killing parasitic one-celled organisms
|
polymxins
|
|
|
chloramphenicols inhibit __
|
protien synthesis
|
|
|
__ are very wide spectrum, effective on both gram (+) and gram (-)
|
chloramphenicols
|
|
|
chloramphenicols are known to be very effectiv eon ___ (which cant live outside of a host)
|
rickettsias
|
|
|
__ drugs DONT WORK or stand a very small chance of working. __therapy is very behind everything else
|
anti-viral
viral |
|
|
an antibiotic is a substance derived from ____ (usually microorganisms) that kills or inhibits the growth of living organisms
|
living organisms
|
|
|
___ - synthetic "antibiotics"
|
antimicrobial agents
|
|
|
anti-fungal drugs are used to treat __ infections
|
mycotic
|
|
|
examples of __(fungal) infections:
1.athletes foot 2. ring worm 3. jock itch |
myotic
|
|
|
protazoan parasites are not a problem in US because of __
|
sanitation
|
|
|
__ (worms)
1. trematodes - __ 2. __ - round worms 3.cestodes - __ |
1.flukes
2.nematodes 3. tape worms |
|
|
__ are not a problem until they start clogging things
|
helminitics
|
|
|
__ are long, flat, segmented, can grow up to 40 or 50 ft long
|
cestodes
|
|
|
cestode's __ pass in feces
|
eggs
|
|
|
__ look like cooked spaghetti (all inside body)
|
round worms
|
|
|
__ is an infestation with itch mites (can kill with alcohol)
|
scabies
|
|
|
head lice (__)
seen in kids, prisons, institutions and hospitals |
pediculosis
|
|
|
pediculosides kills __ not the __
|
lice
eggs |
|
|
__ is using a drug wrong. indiscriminate or nonspecific use of drug
|
misuse
|
|
|
__ is self-administration of a drug, usually in larger doses - usually results in physical or mental dependency
|
drug abuse
|
|
|
most abused drugs are those that _____
|
alter the normal mood of a person
|
|
|
the __ the time, the __ the chance of abuse
|
shorter
greater |
|
|
__ dependance results in a state of emotional dependency/relience of drug (user likes it and wants more)
ranges from mild - compulsive and likes - craves obsessivly |
physiological/mental
|
|
|
_- is the most addictive substance known yet
|
crack
|
|
|
__ dependencies are the strongest
|
mental
|
|
|
__ dependence alters the physiology of the body to accomodate presense of the drug.
|
physical
|
|
|
narcotics are the worse __ dependency
|
physical
|
|
|
physical withdrawl can cause sickness:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
depression
vomitting diarrhea spasms |
|
|
__ drugs are mentally capable of relieving each others withdrawl symptoms. used for "incurable addicts"
|
cross dependent
|
|
|
methadone (narcotic and additive) and heroine would be an example of __ drugs (treatment)
|
cross dependant
|
|
|
a commonly abused drug , CNS depressant:
1. __ brain activity 2. makes people feel __ 3. relieves fear, inhibitions and good judgment by depressing the ____ |
slows
mellow higher brain center |
|
|
cannabis is made of __ and everything derived from it (thai sticks, hash, hashish)
|
sativa
|
|
|
cannabis ( weed) is not a __ but, it is classified as one to make it illegal
|
narcotic
|
|
|
weed __ brain activity
|
slows
|
|
|
active ingredient in weed is ___ which is very difficult to extract and make pure. (minor CNS depressant)
|
Delta 9 THC
|
|
|
opiates are all drugs that are ___
|
narcotics
|
|
|
morphine, street heroine, demerol and dilandid are all examples of __
|
opiates/narcotics
|
|
|
#1 problem with nurses' addiction in hospitals is __
|
demerol (narcotic)
|
|
|
__ is the most abused street drug but, it addiction can also start in the hospital and be brought back to the streets (go through withdrawl and get into it on the streets)
|
heroine
|
|
|
withdrawl for heroine begons _ to _ hours after injection
|
6 to 8
|
|
|
withdrawl sympmtoms for ___:
1.eyes hurt 2. eyes and nose water 3. face itches 4. yawning 5. restless 6. nausea/vomit 7. chills alternating with hot flashes 8. stomach cramps 9. diarrhea 10. severe back pain 11. severe leg cramps - lose control |
heroine
|
|
|
heroine withdrawl goes on for __ to __ days or so. if they get the drug they will stop in __.
|
8 to 10
1 minute |
|
|
heroine is so hard to get off because it causes both __ and __ dependency
|
physical and mental
|
|
|
some people get addicted to __/__. this will cause stomack bleeding
|
aspirin/analgesiacs
|
|
|
alcohol causes __
|
diuresis
|
|
|
diuresis prevents the release of __ from the __ ( endocrine horomone)
|
ADH
pituitary |
|
|
alcohol combined with __ = death or irreversible coma
|
barbituates
|
|
|
Barbituates (__) can cause mental and physical dependence (withdrawl can be life threatening)
|
downers
|
|
|
__ (sedative/barbituate)
was big in the 60's - now banned. |
quaalude
|
|
|
__ (sedative)
have billions perscribed to these drugs. many people who are addicted have a Rx - they cause rebound |
tranquilizer
|
|
|
__ not used for medicinal purposes anymor, used as diet pills, cause skin problems, mental addiction, increase anxiety, intensify activity - dont create energy
|
amphetamine
|
|
|
"crack"
-it can be __ or __ -relatively pure form of __ -most __ addictive -causes vaso__ or the membranes of the nose ( can rot the __) -it is also an __ (used in dentistry) -do not build up a __ (everytime is like the first) -causes HR to __ (dysrhythmia) -"___" is cocaine with heroine (slows the heart rate) |
smoked/injected
cocaine constriction (nasal septum) anesthetic tolerance speed up speedball |
|
|
__ gives you a high for 20-30 minutes then makes you feel worse than you did before
|
methylanphetamine (crystal meth)
|
|
|
hallucinogen/psychedelic drugs knock out ___ and causes ___
|
reticular formation and hallucinations
|
|
|
__ is when the reticular allows impulses to reach the brain for the brain to decide which ones to act on
|
reticular formation
|
|
|
___ is back on the rise (not as strong as 60's) cheap party drug, alteration in everything (time, visual and auditory)
|
LSD
|
|
|
LSD is not addictive but it only takes one __ for people to stop.
|
bad trip
|
|
|
LSD can cause flashbacks. thought to be caused by __ on the brain during 1st use. Antihistamines will cause them to occur.
|
lesions
|
|
|
___ also called "peyote"
comes from cactus (naturally produced type of LSD) causes hallucinations not as strong as LSD. |
mescaline
|
|
|
100% of the time __ is not actually that drug ( you never know what youre gonna get from extract)
|
mescaline
|
|
|
__ "magic" ingrediesnt in mushrooms makes you drool and stare
|
psilobin
|
|
|
psilobin is VERY diluted compared to __
|
LSD
|
|
|
PCP "__" - people dont even like it (usually taken accidentally bc its mixed in other drugs)
|
angel dust
|
|
|
__ was developed as an anesthetic but, people go INSANE and enter psychosis, very easy to make
|
PCP
|
|
|
__ and PCP can give you a laniappe trip (flashback) because of lesions on brain, can happen up to 18 months later
|
mescaline
|
|
|
ICE:
1. effects last __ hours 2. smokable form of ___ 3. person becomes very __ and __ 4. also becomes __ |
1.24-48
2.methylamphetamine (crystal meth) 3.psychotic and dangerous 4. violent |
|
|
CNS depressants:
ex. of Rx: |
codiene, morphine, demoral dilaudid
|
|
|
narcotics are most effective, problem is they are __
|
addictive
|
|
|
barbituate + alcohol = a __ effect
|
synergist
|
|
|
depresssants are also used as sedatives/hypnotics - group that is big here __
|
barbituates
|
|
|
__ are
powerful, reduce activity in the cortex, reduce aggression, stress, addictive, do away with REM sleep, responsible for 2/3 of drug deaths |
barbituates
|
|
|
barbituates are an __ (control seizures by depressing neural excitability - inhibiting seizure)
they also prevent discharge from neurons, modifying synaptic transmission - cant spread |
anticonvulsants
|
|
|
__ may cause seizures/convulsions with overstimulation
|
CNS stimulant
|
|
|
CNS anesthetic agents cause tremendous __ of __
|
depression of CNS
|
|
|
Anesthetics are normally taken into the __ (desired) but, since they are drawn to fat - enough may not get where it needs to in overweight person
|
brain
|
|
|
general anesthetics are capable producing __
|
narcosis
|
|
|
general anesthetics are structurally ___
|
non specific
|
|
|
1st thing we see with __ is pain relief
|
general anesthetics
|
|
|
in stage one of general anesthetics, during the __ phase (b) the persona may begin to laugh, curse, heartbeat/rhyth may become irregular, can hear and will remember, STAGE IN HICH THEY WILL LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS
|
excitement
|
|
|
the longer the surgery the __ the anesthesia
|
deeper
|
|
|
used for manipulation of localized areas (ex. stitches)
|
local anesthesia
|
|
|
__ tranquilizors are for serious illnesses. they work in the brain and are reserved for patients with severe psychotic symptoms
|
major
|
|
|
main group of __ tranquilizors is the phenothiazines (ex. thorazine) side effects: vomiting, muscle tremors, depression of CNS
|
major
|
|
|
__ tranquilizors work in spinal cord - top portion of the brain stem. used for MILD anxiety. main group is the benzodiazepines (overused)
|
minor
|
|
|
lethal dose and effective dose are very far apart making __ tranquilizors pretty safe
|
minor
|
|
|
used in treatment of anxiety and mental illness
|
psychotheraputic drugs
|
|
|
for ___ cases of depressed patients they see themselves as hopeless, may stay home for days at a time, trend is slightly higher in men than women, may even see pain attacks
|
psychotic/endogenous
|
|
|
psychotic/endogenous disorder treatments:
1. big group USED to be ___ 2. ___ and __ are both very effective ( benefit is that they are not MAO inhibitors=no cheese) |
MAO inhibitors
prozac and zoloft |
|
|
drugs dealing with the autonomic nervous system are broken down into __ and __ even though they must work together
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
|
__ is a modifier, meaning, it has the effect of adrenaline/epinephrine
|
catecholamines
|
|
|
all catecholamines are made in the body except __ and _-
|
epinepherine and nonepinepherine
|
|
|
___ is a type of catecholamine that is very powerful, used for asthma and also the relaxation of the uterus
|
isoproterenol
|
|
|
__ response
>vasocinstriction of arterioles >increased BP >pupil dialation >relaxation of gut >decrease peristalsis |
alpha
|
|
|
__ response
>vasodilation in arterioles of skeletal muscles > increase in blood and o2 > opens bronchial tree (asthma) >increases heart rate |
beta
|
|
|
___:
>both alpha and beta are competitve and competing for the sam receptor sites with catecholamines > they prevent periferal vascular disease |
adrenergenic blocking agents
|
|
|
___ blockers:
>inhibit aderenergic sympathetic stimulation > can treat migranes (PVD) |
alpha
|
|
|
__ blockers:
>chest pain and heart conditions ( lover HR) >popular one is Inderol - used with angina, watch heart rate |
beta
|
|
|
__ is skeletal muscle relaxation (caused by cholinergic drugs)
|
cuarare
|
|
|
__ drugs:
>stimulate bladder AND intestine after surgery >myasthenia gravis - gain muscle control >used topically for glaucoma |
cholinergic drugs
|
|
|
__ acting cholinergic drugs:
>choline esters (aka) >destroys scetylcholine to prevent constant stimulation >not absorbed well orally >longer effect >some side effects >ENHANCES CATECHOLAMINE RESPONSE > similar to scetylcholine in structure and function |
direct
|
|
|
__ acting cholinergic drugs:
> get acetylcholine response > slows down destruction of acetylcholine >anti-chelinestrase <inhibits function of cholinesterase at myroneural joint <this inhibits the destruction of acetylcholine <produces constatn stimulation |
indirect
|
|
|
cholinergic blocking agents are:
|
competitive blockers of acetylcholine
|
|
|
an ex. of a ___ is
atropine sulfate >old respritory and circulatory stimulant >used to overcome spasms ov involuntary muscles >used topically in eye ^ `causes mydriasis (pupil dilation) `keeps eye from focusing |
cholinergic blocking agent
|
|
|
___ is a type of cholinergic blocking agent, some characteristics are:
`same tpye of peripheral effects with depression of CNS `used as pre-anesthesia `transdermal motion sickness patch `paralysis of ciliary muscle (cycloplegia) |
scopolamine
|
|
|
the cholinergic blocking agents atropine and scopolamine are both derived from the ___ plants (deadly night shade plants like potatos and tomatos
|
belladonna
|
|
|
drugs SPECIFICALLY for eyes
with ___ treatment: >osmotic agents >myotics >carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
glaucoma
|
|
|
__ agents cause (eyes)
`reduced intraocular pressure >done by increasing osmotic pressure of blood plasma `osmotic is always a (-) sucking pressure `pulls fluid out of tissure in the the mood `used topically in eye |
osmotic
|
|
|
___ agents (eyes)
`switches fluid from anterior chamber to posterior chamber >deepens anterior chamber causeing release in pressure `causes pupil constriction (myasis) |
myotics
|
|
|
two types of __ drugs:
`cholinergic >similar to acetylcholine > causes pupil constriction >causes canal that drains eye `anti-cholinergic >inhibit enzyme that normally destroys acetylcholine |
myotics
|
|
|
_____:
`cuts down the production of __ `carbonic anhydrase in an enzyme necessary for the production of fluid in the eye `causes cycloplegia |
carbonis anhydrase inhibitors
|
|
|
definition of an ___:
substance derived from living organisms (usually microorganisms) the inhibits/destroys the growth of other microbes. |
antibiotic
|
|
|
in a cause of infectious disease, the first goal is to ____
|
kill the microbes
|
|
|
Mechanisms of actions (antibiotics)
#__. Substance will inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall >tendency to be bactericidal |
1
|
|
|
Mechanisms of actions (antibiotics)
#__drug will actually alter the permeability of the cell membrane (disrupts plasma membrane) >inhibits fluids and gases through the cell wall >tends to be bactericidal |
2
|
|
|
Mechanisms of actions (antibiotics)
#__ Inhibits protien synthesis >causes production of defective protiens >tends to be bacteriostatic (a lot of antibiotics fall into this group) |
3
|
|
|
Mechanisms of actions (antibiotics)
#__ Drug inhibits protien synthesis of metabolites within the cell > interferes with metabolism >depends on the effect of whether it will be -cidal or -static |
4
|
|
|
__ has a red gram stain
|
penicillin
|
|
|
gastric acid tends to destroy __ therefore, oral absorption is unpredictable
|
penicillin
|
|
|
about _% of people are allergic to penicillin
|
7
|
|
|
there are many organisms that naturally secrete a substance the DESTROYS penicillin called ___
( a lot of stph infections are in this group) |
penicillinase
|
|
|
advantage to the antibiotic ___ is that it is simmilar to penicillin (same mechanism of action and spectrum) but is NOT destroyed by penillinase
|
cephalosporins
|
|
|
cephalosprins is used for a lot of __ infections
ex. keflex, keflin |
staph
|
|
|
___ and ___:
<same spectrum (not effective on gram (-) < both derived from a mold <same mechanism of action |
cephalosporins and penicillin
|
|
|
sulfonamides interefere with protien synthesis and ____ synthesis
|
cell wall
|
|
|
tetracycline has a high affinity for ___
>commonly used to treat unknown organisms effective in mixed infections >tends to bind to iron ( can cause problems in anemic people) |
calcium
|
|
|
__ inhibits protien synthesis different than the rest
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
aminoglycosides run into toxicity problems with the ___ system.
> problem is with cranial nerve __ >buzzing in ears >small small % experience |
renal
xiii |
|
|
popular macrolide is ___
very effective against staph and strep infections (resistant types) |
erythromycin
|
|
|
polymoxins has a high ___ , used usually gor intestinal parasites
|
nephroxicity
|
|
|
chloramphenicols are used to treat ____
also tends to depress bone marrow and blood production |
typhoid fever
|
|
|
ex. of ___ (which is NOT an antibotic) is valtrax ..... these are used when no one knows how to treat illness
|
antiviral
|
|
|
at any time, 1/3 of the worlds population has some type of ____
|
worm parasite
|
|
|
cestode = ?
(endo-parasites - live inside) small but, can get large |
tapeworm
|
|
|
trematodes - ?
(endo-parasites - live inside) `rare in US besides sheep `live in our blood `killl millions in asian countries |
fluke
|
|
|
nematodes - ?
(endo-parasites - live inside) |
roundworm
pinworm hookworm |
|
|
____:
chiggers gnats mosquito flea redbug bed bug head lice scabies |
ectoparasites
|
|
|
medication to treat lice is called ___
ex. is Rid |
peduculocides
|
|
|
pediculoSIS - ___ with head lice
|
infestation
|
|
|
___ are used to kill scabies
problem is infection from scratching |
scabacides
|
|
|
_____- formation of mange
|
nutrea itch
|
|
|
__ poisoning = #1 enviro threat to kids
|
lead
|
|
|
if your house was built before 1980, there is a __% chance lead paint was used
__ million homes have lead |
74
5 |
|
|
__ tastes sweet - which is why children eat it
children can develop learning problems, hyperactiviy, stomach aches, possibly anemia |
lead
|
|
|
latex paint has replaces lead but that too, contains ____
|
mercury
|
|
|
#1 cause of poisining in children under 5 USED to be aspirin (childproof cape - arthritis suffered)
NOW, #1 reason is ____ |
household plants
|
|
|
CO poisoning can cause ___ damage.
HgB CO2 = ? |
brain
Carboxyhemaglobin |
|
|
CO2 poisoning:
when __% of hemoglobin has carbon monoxide on it, you will begin to see permanent brain damage. at __% - usuall fatal smokers are exposed to __% |
40
60 10 |
|
|
__ industrial product and was used to execute people in gas chamber.
death usually occurs in 5 minutes causes cellular anoxia - substance inactivates enzymes in the cell then prevents the utilization of O2 |
cyanide
|
|
|
__ is a heart drug that is also present in bulbs of certain plants
|
digitalis
|
|
|
methyl alcohol - "__" alcohol
|
wood
|
|
|
___ is a petrochemical
>spot removers, cleaning fluids > inhibits formation of ALL types of blood cells used to boost octane gas |
benzene
|
|
|
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM i
*most poisonus substance known* (1 teaspoon could kill population earth) > a few MOLECUES could kill someone is the cause of __ (deadly) |
botulism
|
