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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four major groups of drugs that deal with the GI |
Peptic ulcer disease drugs anti-emetics anti-diarrhea laxatives |
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what are the 3 major causes of peptic ulcers |
infection from H pylori Increased hydroclhoric acid secretion decreased mucosal defense |
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what good are antimicrobial agents in dealing with peptic uclers |
they can kill Hpylori which can cause the ulcers |
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Amcoricilin cothromycin ornaprazole Tetracyline what type of drug are these? |
antibiotics |
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what side effect does tetracycline have in particular? |
altered calcium absorption |
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what are the side effects of antibiotics |
Gi irritation increased peristalsis Destruction of normal GI flora Decrease in vit K Overgrowth of C diff |
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acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin are secreted in the stomach in excess due to |
stress |
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the action of histamine, acetylcholine, and gastrin cause proton pumps to |
release H+
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histamine 2 receptor anatagonist/H2 receptor blocker proton pump inhibitors these drugs do what? |
decrease gastric acid secretion |
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Histamine atagonists decrease ___ which in turn decreases H+ |
cAMP |
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How do H2 receptor antagonists work ? |
they block histamine receptors which inhibit gastric acid secretion |
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H2 receptor blockers can treat these 3 conditons |
peptic ulcer disease stress ulcers GERD (50%) effective |
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H2 blockers all end with what letters |
"tidine" |
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which H2 blocker cannot be given IV |
Nizatidine |
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What type of drugs are these? cemitidine ranatidine formatidine nizatidine |
H2 blockers |
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zantac is a brand name for what type of drug |
H2 blocker |
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pepsid is a brand name for what type of drug |
h2 blocker |
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tagamet is a brand name for what type of drug |
H2 blocker |
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H2 blocker side effects |
diarrhea inhibit first pass of alcohol impaired absorption of B12, Fe, Ca |
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how do protein pump inhibitors work? |
binds to the H/K+ ATPase enzyme of the parietal cells to suppress H+ secretion into the stomach |
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proton pump inhibitors are all |
pro drugs |
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what activates proton pump inhibitors? |
gastric acid |
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Nexium and Prilosec are what type of drug? |
proton pump inibitors |
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what do PPI's (protien pump inhibitors) treat? |
Ulcers and GERD |
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which GI drug is generally well tolerated? |
PPI's |
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side effects of PPI's |
increased viable bacteria in GI decreased drug absorption decreased absorption of B12, Fe, Ca |
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What are antiacids and how do they work ? |
weak bases that react with gastric acid to make water and a salt |
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antiacids may stimulate ______ synthesis which causes ____ secretion to be inhibited and increases ______ secretion |
prostaglandin HCL mucus and bicarbonate |
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aluminum hydroxide magensium hydroxide calcium carbonate what type of drugs are these? |
antacids |
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Al and Mg salts promote the healing of ___ |
Duodenal ulcers |
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what are the side effects of Al salts ? |
constipation and altered bone metabolism |
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what are the side effects of Mg salts? |
diarrhea and decreased absorption of minerals |
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how do mucosal protective Agents work ? |
enhance mucosal protection mechanism preventing mucosal injury and aid healing |
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sucralfate colloidal bismuth what do these drugs do? |
mucosal protective agents |
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how does sucralfate work? |
forms a physical barrier with a gel |
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how does colloidal bismuth work? |
antimicrobial inhibits pepsin activity increases mucus secretion interacts with glycoproteins to coat stomach |
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_____ protein is usually not filtered by kidneys |
large |
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most of blood plasma is filtered into the___ in the kidney |
bowmans capsule |
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some of the drugs only work on this part of the neprhon |
proximal tubule |
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where in the kidney are most of the glucose, bicarbonate, AA, and Na reabsorbed? |
proximal tubules (early part of nephron) |
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what part of the nephron is permiable to water |
proximal tubule |
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what parts of the nephron is not permiable to water? |
loop of Henle and Distal convoluted tubule |
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where in the nephron are Na, K, Cl, Ca exchanged |
loop of henle and distal |
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what is the leading causes of ascites? |
cirrhosis and cancer |
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what is ADH? |
antidiuretic Hormone |
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where is ADH formed |
hypothalamus |
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when is ADH released? |
increase in intravasular osmotic pressure hypovolumia decrease in pulse pressure fear, pain, anxiety |
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How does ADH work |
increases permiability of distal tubule and collecting ducts increases urine concentration urine vol decrease |
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why does diabetes incipitus happen? |
deficit of ADH or resistance to ADH |
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what is the criteria for essential hypertension? |
increase of BP to greater than 140/90 without an apparent cause |
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what is normotensive BP |
120/80 |
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what are the 3 steps in lifestyle changes to follow if the previous doesnt work |
wt loss 1st DASH Na restriction |
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hypertension drug types |
diuretics beta blockers ACE inhibitors |
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what are the most widely used diuretics? |
Thiazide |
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where in the nephron does thiazide work on? how? |
distal tubule decreasing Na resorption |
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what type of retention does thaizide cause |
Ca |
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what minerals are lost due to thiazide? |
Na, Cl, K, Mg |
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HCTZ is what type of drug |
thiazide diuretic |
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what is it called when increasing the does above normal does not result in increased diuretic effect |
Ceiling Diuretics |
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what conditions is Thiazide used to treat |
HTN |
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what are the side effects of thiazide |
Potassium depletion High: blood sugar, calcium, lipids |
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what diuretic works when others dont |
Loop |
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what part of the nephron do loop diuretics work on ? |
loop of henle |
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What diuretic causes Ca loss |
Loop |
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what conditions do Loop diuretics work for? |
pulmonary edema CHF HTN |
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which has a shorter duration Thiazide or Loop |
loop |
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side effects of loop |
low magensium low potassium dehydration |
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where do potassium sparing drugs work on |
Collecting tubules ( at very end) |
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how do potassium sparing diuretics work? |
inhibit Na and water reabsorption inbibit K excretion in collecting tubules |
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what drug is an antagonist for aldosterone |
potassium sparing diuretics |
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how do potassium sparing proteins carried |
bound to albumin |
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what is a side effect of potassium sparing diuretics |
K retention and peptic ulcers |
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How do osmotic diuretics work? |
increase urine density not allowing H2O reabsorption |
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Mannitol and Urea how are these drugs adminisitered and what type of drug |
IV
Osmotic |
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Beta blockers end in |
lol |
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metoprolol and carvediolol are waht? |
beta blockers |
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how do beta blockers work? |
block effects of epinephrine/adreneline which reduces BP |
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which type of HTN drug should always be taken with food? |
beta blockers |
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How do ACE inhibitors work? |
lower BP by inhibiting ACE enzyme which decreases angiotensin 2 and dialates blood vessles |
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what foods are high in potassium |
banana oranges green leafy vegetables salt substitutes |
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Why is it important not to take NSAIDs when taking ACE inhibitors?
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Because NSAIDs may reduce the effectiveness of inhibiting the conversion of angiotension II, which interferes with the therapeutic outcome
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Diuretics side effects:
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orthostatic hypotension
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What must you monitor when administering diuretics?
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lab values (specifically sodium andcalcium, potassium), body weight, fluid intake and output
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Thiazide side effects
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uric acid levels may rise
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Angiotension II
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a potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles; raises BP and increases vascular resistance
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True or false: 50-80% of theworld's population are chronically infected with H. pylori
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True
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Parietal cells are primarilyregulated via h________, a___________ and g_____ signalling from both centraland local modulators
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Histamine, acetylcholine and gastrin
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Cimetidine and ranitidine are both examples of...
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Histamine type 2 antagonists
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1.) Sucrulfate 2.) Bismuth chelate 3.) Misoprostol
what type of drugs? |
cytoprotective drugs
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True or false: sucrulfate causes increase GI motility
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false |
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What is currently best practise in treating peptic ulcer disease?
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Triple therapy
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What are the drugs of choice for treating GERD?
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PPI's |
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How to advise a patient for Vitamin K intake when he is on coumadin?
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constant K intake |
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two main causes of ESRD |
HTN diabetes |
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calcium acetate and calcium carbonate are what ? |
phosphate binders |
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tums is can act as a |
phosphate binder |
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phoslo is a |
phosphate binder |
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phophate binder side effects |
increased serum Ca constipation |
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hectoral and zemplar are what? |
vit D |
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people with no parathyroid need |
vit D |
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the thyroid condition of people with ESRD |
hyperthyroid |
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what is the effect of vit D supplementation |
increases Ca absorption reduces ca re absorption from bones |
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how much can Omega 3's lower LDL's |
17% |
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why does coumadin interact with K |
it inhibits enzyme that allows K regeneration |
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what happens with vit K is inhibited |
clotting is reduced |
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99% of warfarin/coumadin is bound to |
albumin |
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side effects of warfarin/coumadin |
hemorrhage |
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caffine is ____phillic |
lipo |
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paraxanthine theobromine theophylline these are byproducts of what? |
caffene |
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parathaxine does what? |
increases lipolysis |
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theophylline can cause what |
irregular ht beat relaxed bronchi (can treat asthma) |
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theobromine does what |
dialates blood vessels and increases urine slighlty |
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what receptors does caffeine block |
adenosine |
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what do adenosine receptors do |
prevent urination |
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side effects of caffine |
hyperglycemia increased urination diarrhea |
