Pharm Ch 4 5 6

Front 1

what are the two subdivisions on the autonomic nervous system?

Back 1

sympathetic (SANS) and parasympathetic (PANS)

Front 2

what is the difference between efferent and afferent fibers?

Back 2

afferent- sensory

efferent - motor

Front 3

where does the preganglionic neuron originate?

Back 3

central nervous system

Front 4

what is the synapse?

Back 4

the space between the preganglionic and post ganglionic fibers aka synaptic cleft

Front 5

which cranial nerves do the preganlionic fibers of the PANS originate from?

Back 5

III VII IX X

Front 6

which ANS is flight or fight

Back 6

Sympathetic

Front 7

Which ANS is rest and digest?

Back 7

Parasympathetic

Front 8

what does mydriasis mean and which ANS is it involved with?

Back 8

pupils are dialated; Sympathetic

Front 9

what is miosis?

Back 9

decrease in pupil size, miosis

Front 10

what are neurotransmitters?

Back 10

carry messages to receptors

Front 11

what is the neurotransmitter between the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve in the SANS and PANS?

Back 11

acetylcholine

Front 12

what do you call nerves that release acetylcholine?

Back 12

cholinergic

Front 13

the preganglionic and postganglionic nerves are stimulated by acetylcholine and what other neurotransmitter?

Back 13

nicotine; termed nicotinic response

Front 14

what is the neurotransmitter released from the post ganglionic nerve terminal in the parasympathetic nervous system (PANS)

Back 14

Ach (acetylcholine) - also termed cholinergic

Front 15

What is the neurotransmitter released by the post ganglionic nerves in the sympathetic nervous system (SANS)?

Back 15

noreepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 16

what is the vasoconstrictor used in dental anesthetic?

Back 16

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Front 17

True or False.

The SANS and PANS tend to work in opposite directions.

Back 17

True

Front 18

True or False.

Almost all body tisues are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

Back 18

True

Front 19

True or False.

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter of both the SANS and PANS.

Back 19

true

Front 20

What are the four groups of ANS drugs?

Back 20

P+ - stimulates PANS

P- blocks PANS

S+ stimulates SANS

S- blocks SANS

Front 21

What is SLUD?

Back 21

Toxic effects as a resultant of large doses of cholinergic agents :

Salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation

Front 22

What cholinergic agent is commonly used to treat xerostomia?

Back 22

Salagen (pilocarpine)

Front 23

What do anticholinergics do?

Back 23

prevents action of Ach of the post ganglionic nerve endings in the PANS

Front 24

How can anticholinergics be used in dentistry?

Back 24

decreases salivation

Front 25

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors

Back 25

alpha (α) and beta (β)

Front 26

What occurs during stimulation of alpha adrenergic receptors?

Back 26

smooth muscle excitation or contraction, causing vasoconstriction

Front 27

What are the 2 types of beta adrenergic receptors and what organs do the affect?

Back 27

B1 –heart ; increased HR

B2–lungs; bronchodialation

Front 28

what are drugs called that block beta-receptor effects?

Back 28

beta blockers (b-adrenergic blocking agents)

Front 29

What are the two important adrenergic drugs?

Back 29

noreepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 30

what adverse effects can a dental patient have when given adrenergic drugs?

Back 30

tremors, palpitations, increase in BP

Front 31

What are some examples of beta blockers?

Back 31

Propranolol, Acebutolol, Atenolol

Front 32

what are the groups of analgesic agents?

Back 32

opiod (narcotic)

non opiod (non narcotic)

Front 33

Individuals are surprisingly uniform in their _______________ to pain, but vary greatly in their _______________.

Back 33

perception, reaction

Front 34

Define pain.

Back 34

Pain is the means by whichthe body is made urgently aware of tissue damage

Front 35

What are the two main differences between nonopiods and opiods?

Back 35

site of action:

nonopioids act primarily in PNS

opioids act primarily on CNS

mechanism of action:

nonopioids inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

opiods affect the response to pain in the CNS

Front 36

What are the types of non-opiods?

Back 36

salicylates (aspirin)

acetaminophen

NSAIDS (nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs)

Front 37

What are the effects of Aspirin?

Back 37

analgesic (pain)

anti-platelet (anti-coagulant)

anti-inflammatory (erythema, swelling)

anti-pyretic (fever)

Front 38

Where is Aspirin absorbed?

Back 38

in the small intestine and stomach

Front 39

The half-life of Aspirin varies withthe dose because a constant amount rather than constant percentage is metabolized per hour, what is this called?

Back 39

zero-order kinetics

Front 40

Should Aspirin be taken with Warfarin?

Back 40

No, because they compete for the same receptors

Front 41

What is the dosage for a regular Aspirin?

Back 41

325mg adult

81mg child

Front 42

Who should you not give Aspirin to?

Back 42

children with a fever

Front 43

What type of analgesis is aspirin?

Back 43

non-opiod

Front 44

Which enzyme do aspirin and NSAIDS inhibit?

Back 44

COX (prostaglandin synthase)

Front 45

Motrin, Advil, and Naprosyn are all examples of what type of analgesic?

Back 45

NSAIDS

Front 46

What effects do NSAIDS have?

Back 46

analgesic (pain)

antipyretic (fever)

antiinflammatory (erythema, swelling)

Front 47

True or False.

Aspirin irreversibly binds to platelets in the blood.

Back 47

true

Front 48

True or False.

NSAIDS reversibly bind to platelets in the blood.

Back 48

true

Front 49

If a patient is taking lithium drugs, what drug should they not take?

Back 49

NSAIDS

Front 50

Which NSAIDS have a longer half life and can be taken in 8-12 hour intervals?

Back 50

Naproxen an naproxen sodium (Aleve)

Front 51

What effects does acetaminophen have?

Back 51

antipyretic (fever)

analgesic (pain)

Front 52

Is acetaminophen antiinflammatory?

Back 52

no

Front 53

does acetaminophen bind to platelets?

Back 53

no

Front 54

where do opiods come from?

Back 54

poppy seeds

Front 55

what is the mechanism of action of opioids?

Back 55

alter perception of reaction to pain in the CNS and spinal cord

Front 56

what effects do opioids have?

Back 56

analgesic (pain)

sedation and euphoria

cough suppression

gi effects

Front 57

what is the most commonly used opioid in dentistry?

Back 57

codeine

Front 58

what are the different codeine contents (ASA)?

Back 58

#2 (15 mg)

#3 (30 mg)

#4(60 mg)

Front 59

Should opioids be used for chronic pain?

Back 59

no

Front 60

how are opioids classified?

Back 60

-by receptor sites: agonists, mixed opioids, antagonists

-by chemical make up

-by their efficacy

Front 61

Is morphine considered a strong, intermediate, or weak opioid?

Back 61

strongest

Front 62

Is oxycodone considered a strong, intermediate, or weak opioid?

Back 62

intermediate

Front 63

Is hydrocodone and codeine considered a strong, intermediate, or weak opioid?

Back 63

weak

Front 64

what are the receptors of opioids?

Back 64

Opioid receptors include mu (μ), kappa (κ), and delta (δ) receptors

Front 65

What more common to use in dentistry, opioids or NSAIDS?

Back 65

NSAIDS