Pharm 2060B Module 16

Front 1

name 4 virulence factors of bacteria

Back 1

fimbriae and pillia

flagella

secretion of toxins and enzymes

invasion

Front 2

what do fimbriae and pilli do?

Back 2

they allow bacteria to attach to certian sites in our body so they are not washed away

Front 3

what do flagella do?

Back 3

allow bacteria to swim and survive

Front 4

poisoning is an example of what kind of virulence factor?

Back 4

secretion of enzymes and toxins

Front 5

name 2 diseases associated with bacterial invasion of cells

Back 5

salmonella (in the intestine)

tuberculosis (in the lungs)

Front 6

gram positive bacteria have ___ peptidoglycan and their stain is ___ coloured

Back 6

gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan and their stain is purple coloured

Front 7

gram negative bacteria have ___ peptidoglycan and their stain is ___ coloured

Back 7

gram negative bacteria have thin peptidoglycan and their stain is pink coloured

Front 8

gram negative bacteria dont have a thick peptidoglycan layer. What layer do they have instead and what 2 things does this layer contain?

Back 8

gram negative bacteria have an outer layer which contains porins and lipopolysaccharides

Front 9

where are techoic acids found?

Back 9

on the cell wall (thick peptidoglycan) of the gram positive bacteria

Front 10

what is the gram negative alternative to techoic acids?

Back 10

lipopolysaccharides

Front 11

what are the 3 ways selective toxicity is produces

Back 11

1. disrupting bacterial cell wall

2. targeting unique bacterial enzymes

3. disrupting bacterial protein synthesis

Front 12

what tequnique will provide the best basis for selection of therapy?

Back 12

culturing bacteria to identify it

Front 13

define bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal

Back 13

bacteriostatic antibiotics stop the growth and replication of bacteria, and the immune system can deal will the rest

bacteriocidal kill the bacteria

Front 14

t/f MBC is usually lower than MIC

Back 14

false. min bacteriocidal concentration is usually higher than min inhibitory concentration

Front 15

name 5 infections which require special selection of antibiotics to penetrate the site of action

Back 15

meningitis

UTI

osteomylitis

abcesses

otitis media

Front 16

mengitis requires antibiotics that can penetrate the ____

Back 16

meninges

Front 17

what is the most common kind of UTI? (general)

Back 17

the kind that occurs when bladder is infected during catheterizations

Front 18

osteomylitis is an infection of the?

Back 18

BONE

Front 19

why are abcesses difficult to treat with antibiotics?

Back 19

because they are poorly perfused with blood

Front 20

otitis media is an infection of the? why is it difficult to treat

Back 20

ear infection! difficult to treat because antibiotics cannot penetrate the inner ear

Front 21

name 4 conditions where its better to treat with bacteriocidal than bacteriostatic antibiotics. Why?

Back 21

1. AIDS

2. organ transplant

3. cancer chemotherapy

4. being old

all 4 of these have compromised immune systems. this means that bacteriostatic is not that effecive. bacteriocidal is necessary

Front 22

what are 6 complications of antibiotic therapy? BRASSD

Back 22

Bone marrow toxicity

Resistance

Allergy

Serum Sickness

SUperinfection

Destruction of normal bacterial flora

Front 23

what are 3 symptoms of bone marrow toxicity

Back 23

sore throat, bruising, fatigue

Front 24

What are the three ways a bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance?

Back 24

1. reduction of drug at the site of target

2. increased drug inactivation

3. alteration of bacterial target

Front 25

what are two ways a bacteria can reduce the amount of drug at the site of target, to acquire resistance

Back 25

1. uptake less and less of the drug

2. use efflux pumps to kick out the drug

Front 26

give an example of an enzyme that a bacteria can produce to inactivate a drug

Back 26

some bacteria can produce beta lactamase, which inactivates beta lactams such as penicilllin and cephalasmporam

Front 27

how can bacteria alter a target to acquire resistance?

Back 27

bacteria can mutate a site of target such that antiobiotics cant bind to the target

Front 28

what is the most common antibiotic allergy?

Back 28

penicillin

Front 29

most fatal antibiotic allergic reaction occur long/soon after dosage

Back 29

soon after dosage. 20 minutes in fact

Front 30

how would you treat an antibiotic allergic reaction

Back 30

antihistamine and epinephrine

Front 31

what is serum sickness

Back 31

the body identifies an antibiotic as harmful and produces an immune system mediated allergic reaction

Front 32

what takes longer to develop, serum sickness or allergy?

Back 32

serum sickness. allergy takes 20 minutes, serum sickness takes 20 days

Front 33

how would you treat serum sickenss

Back 33

antihistamines, analgesics, and corticosteroids

Front 34

how does superinfection occur?

Back 34

when broad spectrum antibiotics kill bacteria and normal intestinal bacterial flora, then new drug resistant bacterial flora show up, which can cause problems

Front 35

there are 3 consequences associated with normal bacterial flora destruction what are they?

Back 35

1. loss of vitamin K. NBF produce this vitamin. warfarin needs this vitamin or else there are bleeding side effects

2. they contribute to first pass metabolism. this can cause drug toxicity

3. they contribute to enterohepatic recycling. this can cause lower drug plasma levels such as oral contraceptives

Front 36

what bacteria formed mold which contained penecillin?

Back 36

staphylococci

Front 37

what are the two targets of penicillin (PBPs) and what do they do?

Back 37

1. transpeptidase enzymes form cross links betweek peptidoglycans on the cell wall. penicillin inhibits this

2. autolysins degrade peptidoglycans on the cell wall. penicillin activates this

Front 38

are penicillins bacteriocidal or static?

what is the net effect of penicillin use on a bacteria?

Back 38

penicillins are bacteriocidal.

they disrupt cell wall synthesis, degrade the cell wall, cause the cell to take up too much water, so it lyses and dies

Front 39

t/f penicillins are active only against bacteria that are growing and dividing

Back 39

true

Front 40

penicillins are more effective against gram positive/negative bacteria, why?

Back 40

gram positive bacteria because they do not have an outer membrane

Front 41

what are 3 ways penicillin can gain resistance?

Back 41

1. inability to reach target

2. inactivation

3. mutation of PBPs that make them have a low affinity for penicillin

Front 42

what are the 4 classes of penicillins?

Back 42

1. narrow spectrum penicillins

2. narrow spectrum penicillinase resistant penicillins

3. broad spectrum penicillins

4. extended spectrum penicillins

Front 43

narrow spectrum penicillins

a) gram positive or negative destroying?

b) administration?

c) treat what two diseases?

Back 43

destroy gram positive

administered via IV

treat meningitis and pneumonia

Front 44

narrow spectrum penicillinase resistant penicillins

a) gram positive or negative destroying

b) non susceptible to what enzyme?

c) effective against what specific bacteria?

d) less effective against _____ producing bacteria

Back 44

a) gram positive destroying

b) non susceptible to beta lactamase

c) effective against staphlocuccus

d) less effective against non penicillinase producing bacteria

Front 45

broad spectrum penicillins

a) gram positive or gram negative destroying? why?

b ) resistant to beta lactamases?

Back 45

a) both. because they can penetrate outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

b) no, they are readily inactivated by beta lactamases

Front 46

extended spectrum penicillins

a) difference between this and broad spectrum?

Back 46

a) although they attack both gram negative and positive, AND are readily inactivated by beta lactamases, extended spectrum penicillins can destroy pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 47

___ have the exact same mech of action as penicillin

Back 47

cephelasporins

Front 48

as we move from 1st to 4th generation, what happens to cephelasprorin characteristics

Back 48

1. increased activity against gram negative bacteria

2. increased resistance to beta lactamases

3. increased ability to penetrate cerebral spinal fluid

Front 49

what is the best alternative to penicillin?

Back 49

cephelasporins

Front 50

what drug is used to treat infections cause by MRSA

Back 50

vancomycin

Front 51

what is vancomycin mech of action?

Back 51

binds to precursors of cell wall synthesis to disrupt the transglycosylation step in cross bridge synthesis

Front 52

____ infusion of vancomycin causes ______

Back 52

rapid infusion of vancomycin causes red person syndrome

Front 53

what is tetracycline mech of action

what spectrum is it

bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic?

Back 53

it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes

it is broad spectrum

it is bacteriostatic

Front 54

name 1 adverse effect of tetracycline

Back 54

photosensitivity

Front 55

what are macrolide mech of action

what spectrum are they

bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic?

Back 55

they inhibit protein synthesis

they are broad spectrum

they are bacteriostatic

macrolides are the same as tetracycline except their adverse effects

Front 56

1 adverse effect of macrolides?

Back 56

QT interval prolongation

Front 57

oxazolidinones

mech of action?

spectrum?

bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal?

what do they treat?

Back 57

they inhibit protein synthesis

they are narrow spectrum agaignst gram positive only

they are bacteriostatic

the treat MRSA and VRE (vanamycin resistant enterococci)

Front 58

aminoglycosides

a) spectrum

bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal?

Back 58

narrow spectrum

they are BACTERIOCIDAL

Front 59

sulfonamides and trimethoprim

a) mech of action

b) bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal?

c) treatment of what?

Back 59

a) block folic acid synthesis

b) bacteriocidal

c) treatment of UTIs

Front 60

Both ___ and ____ lead to photosensitivity

Back 60

both tetracycline and sulfonamides/trimethoprim

Front 61

what is the primary treatment for treating tuberculosis?

Back 61

isoniazid