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68 Cards in this Set
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Benzodiazepines |
Midazolam (rapid onset, short sx) and "pams" For: Relieve anxiety, Sedation, Sleep induction, Amnesia, ADHD, Seizures NO: Pregnancy D, comatose, glaucoma ADR: Resp depression, dizziness, NV, hypotension
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Barbituates |
Thiopental and phenobarbitol For: Anesthesia, Sedative, Hypnotic, ADHD, Seizures NO: Preg D, comatose, hepatic dysfunction ADR: Dizziness, hangover, laryngospasm, resp depression, hypotension |
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Anticholinergic |
Atropine, glycopyrolate For: Reduce secretions, increase HR and BP NO: Hemorrhage, glaucoma, rn/hp/cv dz, elderly or infant ADR: Confused, drowsy, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy |
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Antiemetic |
Dimenhydrinate, promethazine, ondansetron NO: Comatose/seizues, cv/hp dz, reduce dose in elderly ADR: Sedation, confusion, anticholinergic effects, paradoxal excitement in children NC: Bowel sounds before and after |
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General Anaesthetics |
Ketamine, halothane, propofol, thiopental For: Anaesthesia, skeletal and smooth muscle relaxation NO: Glaucoma, cv/rsp/hp dz |
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Topical/Local Anaesthesia |
Benzocaine, lidocaine For: Surgical, dental, and diagnostic procedures, Treatment of persistent pain (neuropathic pain) ADR: Seizures, confusion, drowsiness, cardiac arrest, NV, stinging at site NC: Only certain meds can be opthalmic, do not use cloudy or discoloured, ensure gag reflex returns after laryng spray |
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Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) |
Succinylcholine, rocuronium, atracurium For: Skeletal muscle paralysis NO: Malignant hyperthermia, eye injury/glaucoma ADR: Apnea, bronchospasm, high K+, rhabdomyolysis, malignant hyperthermia |
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Signs of malignant hyperthermia |
High temp, high HR, high RR, high CO2, jaw muscle spasms, lack of laryngeal relaxation |
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Opioid analgesics |
codeine, morphine, meperidine, and fentanyl NO: Resp depression, head injury, obesity, sleep apnea |
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Tramadol |
Non-opioid NO: Head injury, Renal and hepatic disease, Seizures (lowers threshold) - caution with antidepressants |
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HistamineH2 Antagonist |
cimetidine,ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid AC) For: Duodenal ulcers, GERD, decrease sotmach acid NO: rn/hp dz, smoking, caffeine, NSAIDs ADR: Agranulocytosis, arrhythmia, confusion, gynecomastia, reduced sperm *Drug interactions, avoid recumbancy after meals |
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ProtonPump Inhibitors |
Omeprazole,lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and pantoprazole For: Ulcers from H pylori, erosive esophagus from GERD, heartburn, reduce stomach acid ADR: Well tolerated NC: Prolongs other drug halflife, take PPI and H2 meds far apart and reduces B12, 30min before meal |
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Adsorbents |
Bismuthsubsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) For: Diarrhea, peptic ulcer dz (h pylori) with abx NO: Preg C MOA: Intestinal absorption of fluid/lytes, decrease prostaglandins NC: Dark stools, radiopaque |
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ProstaglandinE2 Analog |
Misoprostol FOR: Prevent gastric mucosal injury from NSAIDs, With mifepristone for termination of pregnancy, Tx ofduodenal ulcers, Cervical ripening and labor induction NO: Children <12, PREG X MOA: Decrease HCl NC: Only for high risk NSAID induced ulcers, caution in IBD due to diarrhea and dehydration |
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Anticholinergics(Antispasmodics) |
Dicyclomine,hyoscyamine For: Adjunct for peptic ulcer dz, hypermotility, infant colic, pre-op Decrease diarrhea |
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Antacids |
Mg, Al, CaCO3(calcium carbonate) FOR: Relieve GERD, ulcer healing, gastritis, neutralizes acid NO: CHF, rn/hp dz, dehydration, pregnancy ADR: constipation (Al, CaCO3), diarrhea (Mg), arrhythmias, electrolyte imbalances NC: No mroe than 2 w, abx may interfere, take with food |
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Aminosalicylates |
Mesalamine,and sulfasalazine (prodrug) For: Ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis NO: Sulfa allergy, existing ulcer, children <2 *Antiinflammatory ADR: Headache, anorexia, NVD, agranulocytosis, acute intolerance syndrome NC: Urine discolouration, decrease iron and folic acid |
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Immunosuppressive agents |
Azathioprine, mercaptopurine,methotrexate FOR: Crohn's and UC, organ transplant, leukemia NO: Preg D/X *Thrombocytopenia, monitor blood levels, report bleeding, fever, mouth sores |
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BiologicalResponse Modifier |
Interferon - IFNs (alpha and beta isoforms) FOR: Hep B and C - decrease hp damage, cancer, MS NO: Depression, autoimmune dz MOA: Restore and amplify impaired immune system, inhibit immune system ADR: Psychosis, insomnia, ischemia, edema, nose bleeds/rhinitis, colitis, pancreatitis, NVD, dry mouth, alopecia, leuko/thrombocytopenia, anemia, myalgia, arthralgia, flu-like symptoms, chills, cough NC: Dose-limiting toxicities = bone marrow supression, autoimune disorders, CHF Monitor for infection, antiemetic for NV |
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NRTI(nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor) |
Antiviral Lamuvidine, telbivudine, adefovir, and entecavir For: HIV, HSV, Hep B (decreases dz progression) NO: Lactation, rn dz ADR: Lactic acidosis, hepatomegaly w/steatosis NC: Empty stomach, acute exacerbations of hepatitis if stopped suddenly |
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Antidiuretichormone (ADH) |
Vasopressin For: Diabetes insipidus, tx esophageal varicies hemorrhage MOA: Splanchnicvasoconstrictor: reduces blood flow to all splanchnic organs, decreasing portalvein inflow and pressure ADR: Dizzy, MI, water intoxication |
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NitrateVasodilators |
Isosorbide For: Angina, prevent esophageal varicies NO: Glaucoma, intracranial pressure, severe anemia, hypotension ADR: Anxiety, headache, tachycardia, hypotension, NVD, flushing, myalgia, paresthesia, flu-like symptoms |
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Ferrous Salts |
Used in liver dz With Vit E to infants, with orange juice, with meals, remain seated 30 min after to avoid esophageal irritation |
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GallstoneDissolution Agent |
Ursodiol For: Gallbladder stonedissolution and prevention, Biliary cirrhosis Decrease cholesterol ADR: Diarrhea NC: Avoid Al containing antacids (interfere w/absoprtion) |
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BileAcid Sequestrates (Lipid-lowering agents) |
cholestyramine For: Pruritus associatedwith elevated levels of bile acids, Management ofprimary hypercholesterolemia, Diarrhea associatedwith excess bile salts MOA: Bind bile acids in GI tract = increased clearence of cholesterol ADR: Abd pain, constipation, nausea NC: Prior to meals |
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Tetracyclines |
Pregnancy category D, Photosensitivity - avoid sunlight, Insusceptible organism overgrowth (candida), NVD, Permanent teeth discoloration in <8y, Decreases oral contraceptives, Not with antacids, dairy, iron, or antidiarrheal meds |
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Penicillin |
Oral contraceptives, Kidney failure, NSAIDs, Warfarin Take with food - amox and pen V, Take with water - ampi, cloxa, Allergic reaction in 30min, Not with citrus, caffeine, cola, fruit or tomato juice, Dairy to prevent superinfections, Caution in neonates due to kidneys, High Na and K possible |
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Macrolides |
NO: Warfarin, Liver dx, Fruit juice |
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Aminoglycosides |
Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity |
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B Blockers |
End in lol Vasodilation,lower BP (hypertension, arrhythmias) NO: diabetes,antacids, asthma, abrupt withdrawal, HR <60 *Hypoglycemia,agranulocytosis, decreased libido |
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Thiazide Diuretics |
Hydrochlorothiazide· Na· NO: Diabetes,gout, liver or kidney dz· *LOW K+,hyperglycemia |
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K+ Sparing Diuretic |
Spironolactone· Na&Ca· Saves K+· NO: Renalimpairment, alcohol |
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Loop Diuretics |
Furosemide· Na&Cl out· NO: Sulfaallergies, gout, diabetes, alcohol· *Agranulocytosis,tinnitus, LOW Na/K/Ca |
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Cephalosporin |
Cephalexin,cefazolin, cefprozil, ceftriaxone· NO: Alcohol,birth control pills· *Colitis,seizures in high doses |
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Fluoroquinolones |
Ciprofloxacin(end in floxacin)· NO: sunlightsmanatacids, pregnancy, warfarin· *Seizures/highintracranial prssure, colitis, hetatotoxicity, photosensitivity |
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Sulfonamide |
Abx· Septra orsulfisoxazole· Take with plentyof fluids· *Crystalluria,photosensitivity, agranulocytosis |
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Anti-inflammatory/ Immunosuppressant(Steroidal) |
Methylprednisolone (Sollu-MEDROL) For: Acute management of spinal cord injury, many others |
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxant (direct acting) |
Dantrolene For: Malignant hyperthermia Treatment of spasticity associated withspinal cord injury, stroke, MS, and cerebral palsy NO: hp dz (hepatotoxicity) ADR: Drowsy/dizzy, muscle weakness (caution in MI), diarrhea MOA: Ca release from cells *Crossess placenta and breast milk, drug-drug interactions |
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Anti-spasticity Agents Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrallyacting): Baclofen |
Management of spasticity due to SCI, MS and cerebral origin spasticity NO: Seizures/epilepsy (decrease threshold), elderly sensnitive to CNS effects, alcohol or CNS depressants MOA: Inhibits reflexes at spinal level ADR: Seizure, dizzy, drowsy, fatigue, hypotension, ataxia, nausea *No abrupt withdrawal (hallucinations, seizure) |
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Anti-spasticity Agents Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrallyacting): Cyclobenzaprine |
For: Management of acute painfulmusculoskeletal conditions associated with muscle spasm, Fibromyalgia MOA: Reduce muscle spasm and hyperactivity w/o loss of function NO: MAOIs (antidepressants) ADR: Dizzy/drowsy, costipation, arrhythmias *Max effects in 2-3w |
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Benzodiazepine Anti-spasticity Agents Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrallyacting) |
Diazepam For: Anxiety disorders, Sedation/light anesthesia Operative events amnesia, Status epilepticus/uncontrolled seizures, Skeletal muscle relaxant in patients withSCI, Panic attacks |
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Anti-spasticity Agents (centrally acting): |
Tizanidine For: Increased muscle tone associated with spasticity due to SCI or MS *Extensively metabolized in liver ADR: Myasthenia |
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Neuropathic Pain Control agents -Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s) |
Nortriptyline and despiramine NO: PReg D, antidepressants (MAOIs), disease of cv/hp/GI/rn dz *2-6w MOA: Seratonin, norepinephrine, anticholinergic ADR: Suicidal thoughts, hypotenson, constipation, dry mouth |
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Neuropathic Pain Control agents -Antidepressants – Serotonin-norepinephrinereuptake inhibitor (SNRI) |
Duloxetine (Cymbalta) For: Generalized anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder, Peripheral neuropathic pain control, Fibromyalgia, Stress urinary incontinence MOA: Seratonin, norepinephrine NO: Suicidal thoughts, rn/hp dz, mania, diabetes ADR: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, seizures, hepatotoxicity, dysuria, decreased libido, serotonin syndrome *Drug interactions |
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Neuropathic Pain Control agents (CalciumChannel ligands – Antiepileptic) |
Gabapentin and pregabalin For: Partial seizures, Neuropathic pain, Anxiety, Prevention of migraine headache MOA: Unknown ADR: Suicidal thoughts, depression, dizziness, rhabdomyolosis, ataxia *Do not stop abruptly |
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator –Thrombolytic therapy |
Alteplase (Activase,t-PA)streptokinase(Streptase) For: Acute MI, Acute Ischemic Stroke, Venousthrombosis, Pulmonaryembolism (PE) MOA: Lysis of thrombus |
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Calcium Channel Blocker |
Nimodipine For: Management of subarachnoid hemorrhage dueto aneurysm rupture MOA: Prevent vascular spasm = decrease in neuro impairment, potent peripheral vasodilator ADR: Nocturia, arrhythmias, hypotension, anxiety, heart failure NO: Hypotension (<90mmg), grapefruit juice |
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Anti-Platelet Agents |
Acetylsalicylicacid, ASA (Aspirin)clopidogrel(Plavix)dipyridamole (Novodipiradol) FOR: Prevent stroke reoccurance, venous thrombosis NO: Trauma, NSAIDs, ulcer |
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Anti-Coagulants |
Heparindalteparin (Fragmin)(LMWH)enoxaprin (Lovenox)(LMWH)warfarin(Coumadin) FOR: Prophylaxis and/or treatment of stroke, Deep venousthrombosis, Pulmonary embolism, Myocardial infarction, Nevergiven IM: can cause hematomas |
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Cholinesterase Inhibitors |
Donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmineand galantamine FOR: Mild, moderate, or severe dementiaassociated with AD MOA: Prevent ACh breakdown, enhances cognition ADR: Abnormal dreams, bradycardia, headache, N/D, frequent urination, weightloss |
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NMDA Antagonists |
Monotherapy or adjunct therapy withcholinesterase inhibitors for AD Enhances cognition ADR: Headache, fatigue, hypertension, diarrhea, wt gain, frequent urination |
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Antipsychotics |
Haloperidol For: Drug-induced psychoses, Relieve vomiting and nausea, Potentiationof analgesic effects MOA: Dopamine blocking and anticholinergic NO: Seizures, Parkinson's, Bone marrow Dz, Depression, CV Dz *Newer agents block dopamine and serotonin ADR: Extrapyramidal reactions, tardive dyskineasia - (uncontrolled rhythmic movement of mouth, face and extremities) common in the elderly, blurred vision, hypotension, constipation, agranulocytosis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome NC: akathisia (restlessness or desire to keepmoving)Observeclosely for extrapyramidal side effects (parkinsonian– difficulty speaking or swallowing, loss of balance control, pill rolling ofhands, mask-like face, shuffling gait, rigidity, tremor) |
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Antiepileptics: divalproex sodium (Valproic acid) |
FOR: Monotherapy and adjunctive therapy forsimple and complex absence seizures, Adjunctive therapy for patients withmultiple seizure types, including absence seizures, Bipolar disorder, Migraine headaches NO: Bone marrow depression, suicidal thoughts MOA: Increase GABA ADR: Sedation, insomnia, agitation, visual disturbances, hepatotoxicity, NVD, alopecia, wt gain, hypothermia, tremor, ataxia *Preg D, drug interactions |
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Antiepileptics: ethosuximide |
For: Absence Seizures (petit mal seizures) *Preg unknown (risk vs benefit) Increases seizure theshold ADR: Suicidal thoughts, increased frequency of tonic-clonic seizures, ataxia *Do not stop abruptly, drug interactions |
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Antiepileptic/Benzodiazepine |
Clonazepam Prophylaxisof absence seizures(petit mal) and myoclonicseizures *Preg D, suicidal thoughts ADR: Increased resp secretions, drowsiness, ataxia |
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Antiepileptic/Barbiturate |
Phenobarbitol FOR: Anticonvulsant in tonic-clonic,partial, and febrile seizures in children |
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Antiepileptic: phenytoin (Dilantin) |
FOR: Treatment/prevention of tonic-clonic(grand mal) seizures and complex partial seizures, Antiarrhythmic, Managementof neuropathic pain, including trigeminal neuralgia NO: PReg D, rn/hp dz, Diabetes, CHF, bradycardia, heart block MOA: Decreased seizure activity without excessive sedation ADR: Hair growth, suicidal thoguhts, diplopia, nystagmus, tachycardia, gingival hyperplasia, agranulocytosis, anemia, nausea, constipation |
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Serotonin Agonists |
rizatriptan, sumatriptan,and zolmitriptan FOR: Migraine MOA: Cranial vessel vasoconstriction withassociated decrease in release of neuropeptides and resultant decrease inmigraine headache. NO: MAOIs, hypertension, cv dz ADR: Drowsy/dizzy, vertigo, coronary artery vasospasm, MI ventricular arrhythmias, serotonin syndrome *Do not use more than 10 days, use only during migraine attack |
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Ergot Alkaloids |
Ergotamine, dihydroergotamine,cafergot(ergotamine 1 mg + caffeine 100 mg) FOR: Migraines, analgesia withdrawal NO: Ischemic cv dz, peripheral vasc dz, glaucoma, BPH, hypertension, rn/hp dz, PREG X MOA: Constriction of dilated carotid arterybed ADR: Dizzy, hypertension, MI, NVD *Limited use due to ADRs, not for more than 10 days Ergotism= (cold, numb fingers and toes;nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle pain, weakness) |
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Dopamine agonists |
Carbidopa/levodopa(Sinemet) FOR: Parkinsons NO: MAOIs, cv dz, hypotension, peptic ulcers, glaucoma, high protein or B6 meals MOA: Relieve tremor and rigidity in PD 2-3w to 6m to work, patients develop tolerance ADR: Involuntary movements, urges, anxiety, dizziness, melanoma, dark urine and sweat, sudden drowsiness |
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Monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor(MAOIs) |
Selegiline FOR: Management of PD (with levodopa orlevodopa/carbidopa) inclients who fail to respond to levodopa/carbidopa, Major depression, Borderline personality disorder NO: SSRIs/TCAs, meperidine/opioids = serotonin syndrome, peptic ulcer MOA: Increased response to levodopa/carbidopatherapy in PD ADR: Confusion, dizziness, fainting, nausea, dry mouth, melanoma *Cheese syndrome (Tyramine) |
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Anticholinergic/Antiparkinsonagents |
Benztropine(Cogentin), trihexyphenidyl FOR: Adjuvant PD treatment NO: Older patients (mental dysfunction), urinary retention (esp BPH), tradive dyskinesia MOA: Reduction of rigidity and tremors.Effects are usually seen 2-3 days ADR: Anticholinergic effects |
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Antiviral/Antiparkinsonagents |
Amantadine FOR: Parkinsonism EPS symptoms, Early stage PD, Influenza A viral infections NO: hp/rn/cv or mental health dz, epilepsy MOA: Potentiates dopamine = PD symptom releif ADR: Dizzy, ataxia, insomnia, hypotension, NV, anorexia, mottling of skin *Acute akinesia = parkinsons crisis Drug interactions |
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Anti-inflammatory/ Immunosuppressant(Steroidal) |
For MS Suppresses inflammation and the normalimmune responseTherapeutic Effect(s):Shortens the duration of MS relapse. |
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Immune Response Modifier - Interferons |
Treatment of relapsing forms of MS Reduce incidence of relapse (neurologicdysfunction) and slow physical disability. |
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Immune Response Modifier |
glatiramer Reduction in frequency of relapses in MS,including patients who have experienced a first clinical episode and MRIfeatures consistent with MS MOA: Modify the immune process thought to beresponsible for MS.Therapeutic Effect(s):Decreased incidence of relapses inrelapsing-remitting MS ADR: Many, flu-like symptoms |
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Monoclonal antibodies |
natalizumab FOR: To reduce the frequency of exacerbationsof relapsing MSCrohn’s disease (patients who have notresponded to conventional therapy) MOA: Reduce inflamamtion/immune response ADR: depression,fatigue, progressive multifocalleukoencephalopathy (PML), hepatotoxicity, urinary urgency NC: Monitor BP and pulse following first doseMonitorfor signs of infection during and for 2 months after discontinuation |
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Immune Response Modifier/Antineoplastics |
Mitoxantrone FOR: MS, Cancer NO: PReg, cv dz, infection MOA: Decreased disability and slowed progression of MS. ADR: Bone marrow depression, many |
