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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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encoding
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forming a memory code
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storage
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maintaining encoded info in memory over time
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retrieval
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recovering info from memory stores
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attention
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focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
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levels-of-processing theory
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deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
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elaboration
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linking a stimulus to other info at the time of encoding
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dual-coding theory
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memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall
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sensory memory
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preserves info in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
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short-term memory (STM)
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a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed info for up to about 20 seconds
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rehearsal
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the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about info
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chunk
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a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
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long-term memory (LTM)
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an unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
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flashbulb memories
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unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
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schema
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an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
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semantic network
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nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
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connectionist, or parallel distributed processing (PDP) models
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assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks
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misinformation effect
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when participants' recall for an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent info
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source monitoring
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the process of making inferences about the origins of memories
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source-monitoring error
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when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
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nonsense syllables
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consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words
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forgetting curve
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graphs retention and forgetting over time
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retention
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the proportion of material retained (remembered)
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recall measure
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requires participants to reproduc information on their own without any cues
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recognition measure
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requires participants to select previously learned info from an array of options
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relearning measure
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requires a participant to memorize info a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before
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decay theory
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proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
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interference theory
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proposes taht people forget info because of competition from other material
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retroactive interference
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occurs when new info impairs the retention of previously learned info
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proactive interference
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occurs when previously learned info interferes with the retention of new info
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encoding speficity principle
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states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code
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repression
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refers to keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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retrograde amnesia
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a person loses memories for events that occurred prior to the injury
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anterograde amnesia
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a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury
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consolidation
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a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of info into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
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implicit memory
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apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
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explicit memory
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involves intentional recollection of previous experiences
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declarative memory system
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handles factual info
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procedural memory system
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houses memory for actions, skills, and operations
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episodic memory system
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made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences
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semantic memory system
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contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the info was learned
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