Pgs 101 Ch. 6

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learning

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a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

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classical conditioning

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a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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unconditioned response (UCR)

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an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conitioning

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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a previouslyn eutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

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conditioned response (CR)

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a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

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elicited

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drawn forth

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trial

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in classical conditioning, consists of any prsentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

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acquisition

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the initial stage of learning something

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extinction

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the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

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spontaneous recovery

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reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of noexposure to the conditioned stimulus

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stimulus generalization

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occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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ocurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

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higher-order conditioning

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a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

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operant conditioning

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a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

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reinforcement

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occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response

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Skinner Box

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a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

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emit

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to send forth

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reinforcement contingencies

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the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

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cumulative recorder

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a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time

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shaping

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the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

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resistance to extinction

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when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

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discriminative stimuli

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cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probably consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response

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primary reinforcers

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events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

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secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers

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events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

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schedule of reinforcement

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a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

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continuous reinforcement

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when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

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intermittent reinforcement

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when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

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fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

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reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses

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variable-ration (VR) schedule

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reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

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fixed interval (FI) schedule

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reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

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variable-interval (VI) schedule

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reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

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positive reinforcement

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when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

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escape learning

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an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

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avoidance learning

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an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

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punishment

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when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

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observational learning

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when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others (called models)