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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hypothesis
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tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
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variables
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any measurable conitions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed
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theory
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a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
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operational definition
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the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
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participants / subjects
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the persons or animals hose behavior is systematically observed in a study
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data collections techniques
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procedures for making empirical observations and measurements
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journal
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a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry
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research methods
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differing approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies
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experiment
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a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result
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independent variable
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a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
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dependent variable
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the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable
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experimental group
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consists of the subjects who receive some special treament in regard to the independent variable
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control group
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consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treament given to the experimental group
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extraneous variables
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any variables othe than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study
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a confounding of varialbes
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occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects
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random assignment
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occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group of condition in the study
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correlations
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exists when two variables are related to each other
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correlation coefficient
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a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
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naturalistic observation
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a researcher engages in careful observation of behaior without intervening directly with the subjects
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case study
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an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
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survey
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researchers use questionnaires or inerviews to gather info about specific aspects of participants' behavior
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replication
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repitition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated
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sample
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the collection of subjects selected for observation in a empirical (observational) study
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population
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the larger collection of animals or people (from which sample is drawn) that researchers want to generalize about
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sampling bias
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exists when a sampl is not representative of the population from which it was drawn
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placebo effects
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occur when participants' expectations lead tehm to experience some change even though they receive empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
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social desirability bias
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a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
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experimenter bias
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occurs when a researcher's expectations or perferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
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dobule-blind procedure
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a research study in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control group
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