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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sources of data
Self report data (S-Data) |
-the information a person reveals -feeling, emotions, desires, personal experiences |
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S-Data
2 forms |
structured
unstructured |
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S-Data
Structured |
-responses are set/limited -true or false statement
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Structured:
dichotomous response schemes
Likert rating scale
Personality scale |
1. true or false
2. express with number to degree to which a particular trait describes him or her (1-5 rating)
3. consists of summing scores on a series of individual rating scales |
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S-Data
Unstructured |
-not set responses -can respond any way you want |
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Structured
Pros/ cons |
Pros -standardization -use of stats -examine/address certain research questions
Cons -limits responses -possible limited accuracy -can be inbetween two answers -data may not represent their true response/ personality |
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Unstructured
Pros/ Cons |
Pros -detailed -if they write a lot you can get a lot of insight about their personality -no limits to their response
Cons -may not be standardized -they will get a lot of data but it can be not what you need to know -use of routine stats may be limited |
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Experience sampling |
-answer some questions, perhaps about their moods or physical symptoms, every day for several weeks or longer, detects behavior over time |
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Limitations to self-report data (3) |
1. honesty in responses -people may be afraid of incriminated in some way -don't want their true self to be seen
2. not having self-knowledge of objectivity to response -can't think deeply and have insight on certain types of experiences -some people can't be objective, there will always be bias
3. how you respond on one week, may change the next week, personality will change over time |
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Other S-data approaches
Event sampling |
-ecological momentary assessment -self-report data that occurs over time to assess variables that might change in "real time" -emotions, moods both change over time -might not be an average personality, not representative of you all the time -over a specific time frame |
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Nock, 2009
-30 youth (12-19 years old) who self-injured or had thoughts about it in the past 2 weeks |
METHOD -everyone used personal digital assistant (PDA) over the next 2 weeks (on each day) -i.e. ecological momentary assessment -responses were collected via reminders -key data collected: self-injury thoughts/ acts and suicidal thoughts -why do certain people think about suicide? KEY FINDINGS -self-injury thoughts more frequently and intense vs suicidal thoughts -self-injury often occurred when youth were alone -self-injury used to escape negative feelings and thoughts (rejection, anger, self-hatred) -suicidal thoughts occurred more with sadness than self-injury thoughts IMPLICATIONS -self-injury and suicide may have unique differences in atecedents and features (frequency of thought) which may be useful to target treatment -elf-injury often driven by difficulties in regulating affect and negative thinking -how you cope with these thoughts and feelings (important part of personality) -how people deal with stress |
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Sources of data:
Observer-report data (O-data) |
-involve gathering data from individuals -ask people if you're not studying -impressions others make of a person whom they come into contact with -capitalize these to learn about a person's personality -multiple observed can be used on 1 person |
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O-data
Pros/ Cons |
Pros -access to unique data and multiple informants -can ask more than one person, can get consistency among individuals, to see if its reliable -access to information unattainable through other source
Cons -objectivity AND respondents may not be able to infer internal processes (feelings) -can have biases, can be dishonest -asking them to report about someone else -internal type of processes, things that happen inside, we don't tend to vocalize |
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Where O-data may be collected (2 settings) |
1. naturalistic setting -observations occur in a natural/ real life setting
2. Artificial setting -observations occur in a natural/real life setting, get a trait as they occur in the real world. Cant control certain things about naturalistic settings -this is why artificial settings are often used, b/c you can control more of the situation (makes sure certain factors are accounted for) |
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Selection of observers |
-use professional assessors who do not know the participant in advanced OR -use individuals who actually know the target participant
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-IPSR: institute for personality and social research
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-participants go there for periods of time where a variety of in depth tests take place -each observer provide their own description of their personality
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Inter-rater reliability |
-use of multiple observers allows investigators to evaluate the degree of agreement among observers |
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Multiple social personalities |
-each one of us displays a different side of ourselves for different people |
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Sources of data
Test (T-data) |
-utilizes standardized testing situations to determine aspects of personality and takes various forms -see if different people react differently to an identical situation |
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T-Data
Mechanical recording |
-looks at things like activity level in children -some kid just sit around in recess, how active you are is a part of your personality -actometer: assesses personality differences in activity or energy levels -some aspects of personality can be assessed through mechanical recording devices (example: actometer) |
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Physiological data |
-heart rate, may be an index of how much tress you have -trait anxiety -different types of physiological measurements tells you about personality
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fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) |
-technique used to identify areas of the brain that "light up" when performing task
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Projective test |
-give them a picture of a scenario and they have to respond -variability -person is given a standard stimulus and asked what he/ she sees
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T-Data limitations |
-participants may "guess" the trait being assessed and create an impression -participants and researchers may view the testing situations differently |
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Life outcome data (L-Data) |
-information can be gained from events, activities, and outcomes in a person's life that are available to public scrutinty -example: marriages and divorces =often use Sdata and Odata to perfict Ldata -real life information about personality |
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Issues in personality assessment
Triangulation |
-examine results then transend data sources |
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Evaluation of personality measures
Reliability Test-retest inter-rater |
-whether data reflect the true level of what is being measured
-scores of a measure correlate on repeated measures
-ratings of 1 observer correlate with those of another |
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Response sets (impact reliability)
1. acquiescene 2.extreme responding 3.social desirability |
-response tendency that is unrelated to item content
1.tendency to simply agree with questionnaire items, regardless of the content of those items 2.tendency to give endpoint responses (strongly agree/ disagree) 3.tendency to answer items in such a way as to come across as socially attractive/ likable |
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Evaluating personality measures
validity
(1) fact (2) predictive (3) convergent (4) discriminant (5) construct |
-degree to which a test measure what it claims to measure
1. whether it appears to measure what it is supposed to 2. whether the test predicts criteria it is supposed to 3. whether the test correlates with other, similar tests 4. refers to what the measure should not correlate with 5. includes all types of validity- broader in scope |
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Evaluating personality measures
Generalizability |
-whether a measure retains validity over different contexts/ samples -sometimes you may want to measure a specific population, may not make sense sometimes to have a measure that is generalizable when you want only specific data |
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Research design and personality
Experimental methods |
-use to determine causality
1. independent variable is manipulated to affect the dependent variable (manipulation of variables) 2. participants are equivalent (random assignment) to each other at the beginning of the study |
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Correlational studies |
-used to understand if 2 (or more) variables share relation
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Correlational coefficient |
-indicates the direction and degree of relation -range from -1 to +1 |
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directionality problem |
-if A and B are correlated, we dont know if A is the cause of B or B is the cause of A |
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Third variable problem |
-2 variables might be correlated because a third, unknown variable is causing them |
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Case studies |
-examining the life of one person in depth
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Case study: an attention seeking boy |
-conforms at school but disobeys at home -count acts during day for attention to see if hes attention seeking |
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Case study: The serial killer Ted Bundy |
-classic sociopathic personality: grandiosity, extreme sense of entitlement, preoccupation with unrealistic fantasies of success and power, lack of empathy for others, long histor of deceitfulnes, repeated failures to meet normal expectations of school and work, and high levels of interpersonal exploitativeness
-serial killer triad (1) torturing animals while young (2) starting destructive fire (3) bed wetting |
