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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are motives
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internal states that arouse behavior, often caused by a lack of something
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Murray's background and major contributions
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had a nontraditional route, med doc. read Jung meet with him and embraced psychoanalysis. Later departed.
Defined need- readiness to respond in a certain way under certain circumstances |
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What is press
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press - need realevnt acspect of environment
alpha press - objective reality beta press - perceived reality |
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What is apperception
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the act of interpreting an environment
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What are the big three motives
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nACH nFF nPOW
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Describe nACH
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consistent desire to do better
desires process of engaging in tasks and completing them moderate challenges as to maximize success. In women linked to stressful childhood toilet training and reasonable childhood goal setting also linked |
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Describe nPOW
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readiness or preference to make an impact on others
correlated to arguments, student office, large gambling risks control of situation and others no sex difference though men are more impulsive and aggressive (helped with responsibility training, like caring for younger siblings) Power stress - ailments linked to not getting ones way |
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describe nAFF
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preference or readiness for warmth or interactions with others
spend more time thinking about relationships, laughing and conversing, so sex differences about a few close relationships (in contrast to extraversion) |
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What is the humanist tradition
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emphasis on role of choice
second emphasis on growth and self actualization key is desire to grow not compensating for a deficiency. |
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What is maslows hierarchy and some of its features
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Self actualization - develop ones potential
esteem - respect from others and for self belongingness - desire to belong in a group safety - shelter and security physiological - primary needs like good sleep and in the long term sex typically lower needs must be met before higher ones and they are more pressing. happiness does not come at self actualization |
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What is flow
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flow is the subjective state at which a person ins completely enraptured with an activity to the point of losing track of time
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According to Rogers what is fully functional
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it is when one is on their way to self actualization and not impeded
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According to Rogers what is positive regard
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it is the inbreed desire for love and acceptance
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According to Rogers what is conditions of worth
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they are the requirements for positive regard
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According to Rogers what is conditional positive regard and talk about its consequences
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it is positive regard that must be earned
too much creates a person who only works for others and loses track of their own desires this can be combated with parental unconditional positive regard |
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According to Rogers what is positive self regard
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it is the feeling that one is loved and accepted
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According to Rogers what is anxiety and how do different types of people combat this
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it is an experience that does not fit ones self perception
functional people change their self image less functional DISTORT = modify experiences |
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According to Rogers what is emotional intelligence and why is it important
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it is the ability to know ones emotions and regulate them
this is more important that IQ to achieving self actualization |
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Describe client centered therapy and what are its three core conditions
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the client (not patient) is guided to self change. the therapist does not give advice but only lead thinking so one can find the right answers themself.
Genuine acceptance of the therapist unconditional positive regard from the therapist empathetic understanding - the client feels the therapist truly understands |
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What is the cognitive approach
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it is differences in how people think
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What is personalizing cognition
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it is the recalling of events that are similar to ones own life
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What is objectifying cognition
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recalling of objective facts
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What is cognition or information processing
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awareness and thinking including, mental acts, perceiving, attending to, interpreting, remembering, judging
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What is perception
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imposing of order to the info sensory organs take in
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What kind of information does the Rod and Field test (RFT) and the Embedded figure test (EFT) give us
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RFT- person sits on a chair (possibly tilted) and must alight a rod striaght up and down inside a frame
EFT - look for the small picture within the larger picture Field Dependent - uses external clues for perception - aligns rod to frame - sees the forrest Field independent - relies on personal sensations for perceptions - aligns to ones self - can see the trees |
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What is the reducer/augmenter theory
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The nervous system augments or dampens pain. Reducers must seek out more in life to reach the optima
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What is kelly's definition of distress and anxiety
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when people cant explain or interpret a situation or when something is unpredictable
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What is the fundamental postulate
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a person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he interprets them
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What is Locus of control
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the concept that describes how a person interprets the responsibility in his or her life.
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What is expectacy
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some believe they are in control of their own life and expect to be able to change it
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What is an external locus of control
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outside forces control the happenings of ones life
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What is an internal locus of control and some of its consequences
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one is a master of their own life and controls its events
reduced obesity, quicker degree completion, high credit rating |
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What is learned helplessness
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once it is understood there is no hope one expects pain until shown otherwise
generalized application - if one continues to fail they will give up hope and stop trying to better their place unless they are possibly shown that does not have to be the case |
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What is the cognitive social learning theory
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notion that personality is expressed in goals and how people think about themselves in relation to those goals
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What is self efficacy and how does this happen
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once can achieve their own goals
acheived through subgoals influenced by positive MODELING students who believe intelligence is fixed give up incremental person sets mastery goals and seeks academic challenges |
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What is Higgins theory of regulatory focus's components
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promotion focus - concerned with advancement and growth - linked to E
preventative focus - concerned with safety and prevention of negative outcomes - linked to N |
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What is Mischel's theory of cognitive affective personality systems (CAPS)
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personality is not a trait but and organization of cognitive and affective activities
EX if one encounters frustration (not reaching a goal) and their CAP is (expect success, aggression is allowed to reach goals) then they may act aggressively but that does not mean that will always be the case. (trait view aggressive people + any situation = aggression) it is the meaning of the situation for the individual not the situation that organizes behavior |
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What is achievement view of intelligence
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what a person knows compared to people in their age group
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What is aptitude view of intelligence
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ability or aptitude to learn or become educated
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What are some the multiple facets of intelligence
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verbal, memory, perceptual, arithmetic
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Who proposed 7 types of intelligences and what are some of them
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Gardner
interpersonal, intrapersonal, kinesthetic |
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What are emotional components
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distinct subjective feelings or emotions associated with them
bodily changes in nervous system distinct action tendencies (probability of behaviors) |
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What are emotional states
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it is the normal view that emotions come and go, they are transitory
they depend on the situation not the person and have an external cause |
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What are emotional traits
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traits are frequent emotions
they are consistent with a persons emotional life and are expirenced across a variety of situations |
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What is the categorical approach to emotions
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there are a small number of primary and distinct emotions
orignial list had 550 and there has been difficulty in narrowing it down Elkman's proposal based on universal expressions that list is disgust, fear, sadness, joy, surprise, anger, and sometimes contempt Shown subtley and one can overcome it by regulation, when decoding one must look at micro expressions Caveat 1 - expressions are situationally bound caveat 2 expression based on internal cognition and might not reflect circumstance |
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What is the dimensional approach to emotion
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traits are placed on a pleasant/ unpleasant and activation axis
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What is the content of emotion
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the specific kind of emotion a person expresses
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what is the style of emotion
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style is how emotion is expressed
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What are pleasant emotions
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happy, joy (interest)
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Stuff on happiness
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according to aristotal it is the goal
can also be vied as accomplishing aspirations self satisfaction and % of time with positive emotions highly correlated, social desireablity also correlated positive illusion of ones self also key to happiness happiness and positive life events are reciprocally correlated world location only major thing that effects happiness and personality is 3X more effective |
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Talk about neuroticism
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N exisits in every trait model
it is the tendencey to overreact to unpleasant sitiations and takes longer to calm constant complaining seems t fill some sort of need they are more easily irritated |
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eysencks biological view of neuroticism
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it is caused by an overactivity of the limbic system
originally he had a hard time proving it but now we have found some ways stability over time, found in many data sets and across cultures, heritable anterior cingulate - evolutionary link between brain, reacts at social rejection prefrontal cortex - key in emotion regulation |
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Cognitive theory of neuroticism
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N comes from style of info processing
people recall negitive events better they claim and recall more illness which does lead to lowered immune system and disease |
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What is becks theory of depression
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vulnerability lies in COGNITIVE SCHEMA or way of looking at world
when applied to daily life this causes depression overgeneralizing, arbitrary inferences, personalizing, catastrophizing. can lead to a self fulfilling prophecy |
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what is some of the biology of depression
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it is a result of a neurotransmitter imbalance
specifically norepinephrine, serotonin, and a little bit of dopamine |
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talk about anger proneness and potential for hostility
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most will strike out when they feel they have been unfairly treated.
hostility is the tendency to respond to frustrations with aggression consequences include heart disease anger causes some to lose control |
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what is affect intensity
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dimension of strong emotions
must be qualified with typically high can lead to illness neither high nor low is clearly better high intensity experience more mood variability |
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How does personality reflect itself in social situations
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selection - who we chose to put in our lives
evocation - responses we garner manipulation - how we consciously influence others |
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What is assortative mating
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couples showing positive correlation on different facets
longer together more similar some similarities could be accounted for by proximity people chose those similar to them but idealizes someone higher in OCEAN |
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Complementary needs theory
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opposite attract
we select partners who are different than us |
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attraction similarity theory
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birds of a feather flock together
we chose those who are similar in personality to us supported by research |
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Are people happy with their mates
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mates in high demand so many settle for less than their ideal
in general though people are happy with their mates |
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What makes a good mates
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not explicit desire but a high OCEAN partner
agreeableness most important for men and women men with wives high in C are sexually satisfied husbands who are high C have wives who feel stimulated conversationally Low N for both a good thing high linked to jealousy husbands with low impulse control and C negatively linked low A not good but nt strongly linked optimism also a good predictor Best indicator is similar personalities 2nd concept of ideal |
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Violation of desire theory
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people whose partners lack desired characteristics break up
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What is shyness, how common is it, what are some consequences
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tendency to feel worried or anxious in social interaction or when anticipating social situations
everyone experiences it occasionally but for some it is pervasive can lead to isolation and health issues(gyno stuff) in gambling situations take lower risks and get more stressed |
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How are aggression and evocation linked
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aggression begets aggression
aggressive people more likely to interpret stimuli as aggressive in partners one can act in a way that causes an unwelcome response, ex- wife belittles husband and gets made when he lacks self confidence |
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What is the hostile attribution bias and what does this lead to
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expect hostility --> react hostile --> evoke hostility --> confirm expectation
leads to expectancy confirmation - self fulfilling prophecy |
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what is manipulation
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intentional modifications - it does not imply maliciousness
evolution selects for those who manipulate successfully |
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what are the 11 manipulation tactics
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charm, coercion, silent treatment, reason, regression, self abasement, responsibility invocation, hardball, pleasure induction, social comparison, monetary incentives
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what are some difference in manipulation tactic usage
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no sex differences except women in romantic relationships use regression more
Hi Dom (E) - coercion, responsibility lo dom - self abasement HARDBALL hi A - pleasure induction reason lo A - coercion silent treatment hi C - reason hi N - mostly regression also coercion hardball and money hi O reason pleasure and responsibility lo O social comparison |
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What are sex differences
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average differences between men ad women
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what is gender
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the social interpretation of man and woman
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what are gender stereotypes
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beliefs about men and women
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What are some of the unintended consequences of sex research
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it can be used to limit, keep the status quo, or only reflect stereotypes
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What is a brief history of gender studies
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First real study was a large meta analysis in 1973. there were a lot of issues with it but it got people very interested in the field and raised overall standards and lead to federally funded studies needing to have men and women
typically shows effect size more true difference |
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What do minimalist and maximalists believe
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minimalists think sex differences are negligible and inconsequential. little everyday importance
maximalists believe it is comparable to other affect sizes and should not trivialized. there are many medium to large effect and even small ones have importances |
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sex differences in temperament
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inhibitory control -.41
perceptual sensitivity -.38 surgency .38 aggression (from act frequency) .6 only negative affectivity was fearfulness -.12 moderate sex differences overall |
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extraversion sex differences
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higher women
gregariousness higher men assertiveness activity men place more emphasis on power |
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agreeableness sex differences
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women higher
tendermindedness -.97 aggression is opposite range from .83-.4 aggressive fantasy .84 |
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conscientiousness sex differences
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-.14 but only order was analyzed
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Openness sex differences
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none -.07
lots of good data, just not differences |
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frequency and intensity of emotion sex differences
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women feel more frequently and more intense emotions except pride and guilt
stereotype that men dont express emotion is more just that men dont feel emotion |
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self esteem sex differences
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global self esteem = better dealing with stress, take credit for good deny bad
.21 sex difference age breakdown gap grows until 19 then converges |
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mating sex differences
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attitude toward casual sex .81
men 18+ sex partners women 4 or 5 men have a harder time just being friends men more sexually aggressive but actually thats just limited to high narcissist low empathy with hostile masculinity men 1.35 things affects vocation choices |
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Describe masculinity and femininity
what does one person think is actually being measured |
seperate dimensions, low low = undifferentiatied high high = androgynous
originally androgyny viewed as ideal, liberated, best of both worlds actually measuring instrumentality and expressivness |
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what are feminine traits
what are masculine traits |
fem - nurturing, expressive, empathetic
mas - assertive, bold, dominate, self sufficient |
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what is a gender schema
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congnitive orientation that lead to sex linked associations
goal not androgyny but post gender schema |
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Talk about stereotypes
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divided into forming social categories (cad v dad) affective (feelings from categorization) and behavioral (discrimination)
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what is the content of stereotypes
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there are cultural differences but lots of similarities
men aggressive autonomous achievement oriented dominate (instrumental) women afflictive, deferent, heterosexual, nurturing, self abasing (communal) people overestimate the differences male subtypes - playboy, career man female - classical, slut, liberated career |
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effects of gender stereotypes
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many areas like law, medicine, economics and jobs
women lower accidental death money, heart surgery, high car prices men higher negative reviews |
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socialization theory
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boys reinforced to be masuculine girls feminine but (nearly) everyone in their lives
supported by data |
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social learning theory
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learn from observing models
(mom cooks dad earns the money) daughter guarding hypothosis gendered toys cross cultural supported by research |
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Social role theory
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differences occur because of uneven role distribution
comes from fact people change to fill the role they are assigned fails to account for origins logically more egalitarian societies would have less sex differences but the opposite is the case |
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hormonal sex differences
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theory that this accounts for sex differences
girls with CAH prefer masculine toys and are better at traditionally masculine things after puberty there is WIDE gap in testosterone levels between men and women T levels linked to lesbian relationship roles, rowdy frats, ovulation and sex drive correlation not causation none humans T levels rise afterward still doesn't account for origins |
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evolutionary psych theory on sex differences
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mostly similar and differences arise from areas where men and women faced different adaptive problems
Childbearing being this main difference occasionally there are advantages to opposite tendencies |
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Integrated theory of sex differences
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evolution explains why
socialization and hormonal explain how combined = fuller picture |
